نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 استادیار گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی گردشگری، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.

2 استاد گروه جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی گردشگری ، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.

3 دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد رشته جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی گردشگری، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.

چکیده

رشد فزاینده صنعت گردشگری، ذینفعان گردشگری را در مسیر تفکر و اقدام راهبردی مقتضی برای ارتقای توانایی رقابت پذیری مقصد، قرار داده است؛ لذا، هدف پژوهش، تحلیل تاثیر توسعه ظرفیت سازمانی در رقابت پذیری مقصد گردشگری سرعین است؛ روش پژوهش تحلیلی است و داده های اولیه مبتنی بر ابزار پرسشنامه ازجمعیت نمونه بالغ بر 200 نفر به شیوه تصادفی هدفمند از جامعه آماری گردشگران ,و کارشناسان وابسته به صنعت گردشگری گرد آوری شد. یافته های توصیفی نشان داد که در چارچوب ظرفیت سازمانی، مولفه های ظرفیت رهبری سازمان و ارتباطات سازمانی و در حوزه رقابت پذیری مقصد، دو مولفه ی مدیریت و بازاریابی و عملکرد رقابتی مقصد، در شرایط مناسبی برای پیشبرد توسعه گردشگری قرار ندارند؛ مدل یابی معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که مدل مفهومی محقق ساخته از برازش مناسب برخوردار بوده، در نتیجه، تاثیر توسعه ظرفیت سازمانی در رقا بت پذیری مقصدگردشگری آبگرم در شهر سرعین، مثبت و معناداراست.

کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله [English]

Analizing The Effect of the Organizational Capacity on the Competitiveness of Spa Tourism Destinations; Case Study: Sarein City

نویسندگان [English]

  • Mojtaba Javdan 1
  • Simin Tavallaei 2
  • Fatemeh Mehraban 3

1 Assistant Professor at the Department of Geography & Tourism planning, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

2 Professor at the Department of Geography & Tourism planning, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran

3 M.A. Student in Geography & Tourism Planning, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran.

چکیده [English]

The growing competitiveness and growth of the tourism industry have put tourism beneficiaries on the path of thinking and appropriate strategic and futuristic action to enhance the destination's competitiveness. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the impact of organizational capacity development components on the competitiveness of Sarein spa tourism destinations and, consequently, the research model is quantitative. The required initial data were collected based on a questionnaire tool and from a sample population of over 200 people in two chain methods (for experts of organizations and related services) and random (for tourists) in Sarein city. Findings indicated that from organizational capacity development, the components of leadership capacity, human resources and especially communication are weak. Also, from the viewpoint of competitiveness, apart from the appropriate conditions of the resource quality component, the other two components, namely destination management and the competitive performance component, are not suitable for promoting tourism development. Structural equation modelling demonstrated that the components of organizational capacity development have a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness of Sarein spa tourist destinations. Proving this effect can provide a new thematic context for the development of related literature to improve the competitiveness of the destination.
Introduction
The focus and purpose of the research is to analyze the impact of organizational capacity development components on the competitiveness of the spa tourism destination in Sarein. "Organizational capacity development" as an intermediate and important link of capacity system components (individual, organizational and systemic), organized application of leadership and management, organizational resources and culture and communication processes to improve the capabilities and functions of the organization over time and in a way which is considered stable (UNDP,2009; Aref,2011).
  Alongside the changes in travel patterns over the past few years, the new trends indicated the strengthening of the spa and medical tourism product (Csapó & Marton; 2017; 56) which, due to the growth of the global health tourism market, has made it necessary to be competitive in this field.
The competitiveness of tourist destinations is one of the most important factors in the success of the destination (Paunovi'c et al., 2020). The argument is that competing tourist destinations seek to satisfy tourists and expand their share of the target market (Cronje & Plessis, 2020). In this regard, competitiveness can be considered the ability of the destination to optimize attractions (products and services) and sustainably create added value to maintain a competitive position of the destination and provide suitable conditions for the unique experience of visitors and better quality of residents' lives and care for local capital (natural and heritage) over time (Fernández et al., 2020).
Materials and research methods
The present study is based on quantitative research regarding applied purpose and research pattern. Based on the available literature, the conceptual research model is organized in the form of independent (organizational capacity development) and dependent (destination competitiveness) variables. The conceptual components of the proposed model in the field of organizational capacity development, leadership capacity (management), organizational capacity, resource capacity and communication have been determined. In destination competitiveness, three key components of resource and product quality, destination management and marketing factors, and Competitive destination performance are defined. Based on the available literature, 14 components and 80 variables have been used to design the questionnaire tool to implement the above concepts. Preliminary data were collected through surveying in the target statistical population and based on 200 sample populations of experts from executive organizations and activists of industry and related services in Sarein, and relationships were tested based on structural equation modelling (in Smart PLS software environment). The scale of the questionnaire items was the Likert five-choice range.
Findings and discussion
Based on descriptive findings, the average response rank of organizational capacity development items and destination competitiveness in Sarein city is lower than the average of 3 (from the fifth rank ceiling). It indicates a gap in the capacity of organizations for destination development and competitiveness. Based on the findings and within the framework of organizational capacity, the status of the human resources component had the best, and organizational communication had the worst mean response rank.
Conclusion
Structural equation modelling indicated that the designed structure and the causal relationships fit properly. As a result, the coefficients of the items and the path pattern of the relationships are significant. In other words, this hypothesis confirmed that the development of organizational capacity has a positive and significant effect on the competitiveness of the spa tourism destination in Sarein.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Organizational Capacity
  • Tourism Destination Competitiveness Spa Tourism
  • Sarein City
ابراهیمی، مهدی؛ یاوری گوهر، فاطمه؛ حسن کاشی، میترا (1398): اولویت بندی عوامل رقابت‌پذیری ایران در گردشگری  حلال؛ مجله ی برنامه ریزی و توسعه گردشگری، دوره 8، شماره 28، بهار 1398، صص 137-113.
افتخاری، عبدالرضا رکن الدین؛ رمضان نژاد، یاسر (1397): تحلیل ظرفیت ارتباطات سازمان های متولی مقاصد گردشگری ساحلی (مطالعه موردی: مقاصد روستایی استان گیلان)؛ برنامه ریزی و آمایش فضا (مدرس علوم انسانی)، دوره 22، شماره 2، تابستان 1397، صص 187-167.
  افراخته، حسن؛ جلالیان ،حمید؛ آرامی، ابراهیم(1398): تحلیل عوامل مؤثر در رقابت‌پذیری گردشگری (مطالعه موردی: شهرستان سرعین( ؛ فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی مطالعات برنامه ریزی سکونتگاه های انسانی، دوره 14، شماره 2، تابستان 1398، صص 472-457.
ایمانی خوشخو، محمد حسین؛ نادعلی پور، زهرا (1395): ارائه الگوی مفهومی رقابت‌پذیری مقصدگردشگری در چهارچوب توسعه پایدار؛ فصلنامه علمی- پژوهشی گردشگری وتوسعه، دوره 5، شماره 1، تابستان 1395، صص 106-84.
برومند، بابک؛ کاظمی، علی ؛ رنجبریان، بهرام (1397) توسعه مدل بومی سنجش رقابت‌پذیری گردشگری مقاصد  گردشگری ایران؛  فصلنامه تحقیقات بازاریابی، 8(29) صص: 122-105.
حشمتی جدید، مهدی؛ سلیمانی مهرنجانی، محمد؛ زنگانه، احمد؛ پریزادی، طاهر(1399): تبیین نقش ظرفیت نهادی در ارتقاء تاب‌آوری شهری در بحران‌های زیست‌محیطی؛ مجله سیاست دفاعی، دوره 28، شماره 111، تابستان 1399، صص 193-167.
خاکپور، براتعلی؛ عباسی، حامد؛ شاه کرمی، نعمت ( 1397): ارزیابی و تحلیل جایگاه برند گردشگری استان فارس بر پایه هویت رقابت‌پذیری ملی؛  فصلنامه  مطالعات ‌مدیریت‌گردشگری؛  سال‌سیزدهم؛ ‌‌ شماره 44‌‌؛ زمستان 1397؛ صفحات 142-109 .
خانزاده، حامد؛ رهنورد، فرج اله؛  بامداد، ناصر؛ محمدزاده، سیدمجتبی(1399): مدل تبیین رقابت‌پذیری گردشگری شهرهای توریستی در ایران؛ فصلنامه علمی تحقیقات بازاریابی نوین، دوره 11، شماره 2، تابستان 1399، صص 68-45.
دلشاد، علی(1400): اثرگذاری هوشمندی بر رقابت‌پذیری مقصد گردشگری شهر یزد؛ نشریه علمی کاوشهای جغرافیایی مناطق بیابانی، دوره 9، شماره 8 ، تابستان و پاییز 1400، صص 129-105
 دلشاد، علی(1400)؛تحلیل رقابت‌پذیری مقصدهای گردشگری شهری در ایران؛  فصلنامه گردشگری شهری، دورۀ 8، شمارۀ 1، بهار 1400؛ صص 160 -143
رجب زاده، آرمین؛ دوستار، محمد؛ آخوندی، نسرین؛ مرتضوی، مهدی(1399): توسعه چهارچوب مفهومی ظرفیت‌سازی سازمانی بخش آموزش عالی جهت پاسخگویی به انتظارات جامعه: رویکرد تحلیل؛ پژوهش های مدیریت منابع سازمانی، دوره 10، شماره2، تابستان 1399، صص 73-45.
رحمانی، فاطمه؛ رهنما، علی(1399): تاثیرشاخص های رقابت‌پذیری سفر و گردشگری بر تقاضای گردشگری خارجی در کشورهای خاورمیانه و شمال آفریقا (منا)؛ مطالعات اجتماعی گردشگری، دوره 8، شماره16، پاییز و زمستان 1399، صص144-113.
رمضان نژاد، یاسر؛ افتخاری، عبدالرضا رکن الدین(1398):ارزیابی ظرفیت مدیریتی سازمان های متولی مقاصد گردشگری ساحلی، مورد مطالعه مناطق روستایی استان گیلان؛ پژوهش های جغرافیای انسانی، دوره 51، شماره 1، بهار 1398، صص 110- 97 .
 ضرغام بروجنی، حمید؛ توحیدلو، معصومه(1390): الگوی مدیریت اثربخش گردشگری, مورد مطالعه: مقصد مذهبی مشهد؛ مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری (مطالعات جهانگردی)، دوره 7، شماره 16، پاییز و زمستان 1390، صص 52- 25
ضیایی، محمود؛ امین بیدختی، علی اکبر؛ قربانی، فاطمه (۱۳۹۲): ارزیابی ظرفیت جامعه محلی برای توسعه ی پایدار گردشگری؛ فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری، دوره 8، شماره 24، زمستان 1392، صص 88-59
ضیائی، محمود؛ دلشاد، علی؛ تقوی فرد، محمد تقی؛ تاج زاده نمین، ابوالفضل(1399): رقابت‌پذیری مقصدهای گردشگری فراتحلیل کیفی پژوهش ها با استفاده از شاخص سه گانه بلیکی؛ نشریه علمی برنامه ریزی توسعه کالبدی، دوره5، شماره 4،   تابستان 1399، صص 92-75  
غضبانی، راحله؛ امین بیدختی، علی اکبر؛ جعفری، سکینه؛  حقیقت، حسن(1399)؛  عوامل مؤثر بر رقابت‌پذیری مقصد ژئوتوریسم؛ فصلنامه علمی مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری، سال پانزدهم، شماره 49 ، بهار 1399؛ صص 93-63.
فرزین، محمدرضا؛  نادعلی پور، زهرا(1389)؛ عوامل مؤثر بر مزیت رقابتی مقصدهای گردشگری در ایران موردمطالعه: منطقه چابهار؛ فصلنامه مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری، دوره 5، شماره 14، صص 67-40 .
فرزین، محمدرضا؛  شکاری، فاطمه؛  عزیزی، فاطمه (1397): رقابت پذیری مقصد گردشگری: تحلیل اهمیت-عملکرد (مورد مطالعه: شهر یزد و شهر شیراز)؛ مطالعات مدیریت گردشگری (مطالعات جهانگردی)، دوره 13، شماره 43، زمستان 1397، صص 247-219.
قادری، اسماعیل؛ اعرابی، سیدسپهر(1399): رقابت پذیری گردشگری شهری در ایران(با استفاده از مدل یکپارچه دوآیر)؛ فصل نامه آمایش محیط، دوره 23، شماره 49، تابستان 1399، صص 228-203.
ملکی، سعید؛ سجادیان، مهیار( 397 )آسیب شناسی کیفیت رقابت آمیز مدیریت مقصد گردشگری کویر مطالعه موردی: کویر  شهداد کرمان، فصلنامه جغرافیا و توسعه، دوره 16 ، شماره 51 ، صص: 98-81 .
مینایی، عباس؛ حیدری چیانه، رحیم؛ قربانی، رسول( 1399): تحلیلی بر اثرات مولفه تجارب به یادماندنی در پایداری و رقابت‌پذیری مقاصد گردشگری شهری مطالعه موردی: شهر اردبیل، فصلنامه گردشگری شهری، دوره 7، شماره 2، صص. 155-143 .
Abreu Novais  M;  Ruhanen L; Arcodi C(2018);Destination competitiveness: A phenomenographic study Tourism Management 64 (2018) 324e334; http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2017.08.014
 Afrakhteh, H; Jalaliyan, H; Arami, E (2019): Analyze Factors Influencing Tourism Competitiveness (Case Study: Sarein City); Journal of Studies of Human Settlement Planning, Volume 14, Issue 2 - Serial Number 47Summer 2019 Pages 457-472. [In Persian]
Ahmeti F (2013) Building Community Capacity for Tourism Development in Transitional Countries: Case of Kosovo; European Journal of Scientific Research 115(4).
Amortegui S. L Clemente-Almendros J.A; Medina R; Gala M.J(2019) Sustainability and Competitiveness in the Tourism Industry and Tourist Destinations: A Bibliometric Study. Sustainability 2019, 11, 6351; doi:10.3390/su11226351
Andreu, M.G.N.lo.; Font-Barnet, A.; Roca, M.E. Wellness (2021): Tourism—New Challenges and Opportunities for Tourism in Salou. Sustainability 2021, 13, 8246.
 Aqueveque C; Bianchi C. (2017) Tourism Destination Competitiveness of Chile: A Stakeholder Perspective; Tourism planning & development 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2016.1272482
Aref, F (2010) Community Capacity as an Approach for Sustaianable Tourism; Tourism  e-Review of Tourism Research (eRTR), Vol. 8, No. 2, 2010
Aref, F (2011) Capacity Development of Community Organizations for Tourism Development and Planning in Shiraz, Iran.
Aref, F; Redzuan, M; Gill, S. (2010):  Community Capacity Building: A Review of its Implication in Tourism Development Journal of American Science 2010; 6(1) 172; pp:127-180
Aroni A. (2012) Helth Management Capacity Building; EHMA-FY2012.
Assaf A and Josiassen A. (2011): Identifying and ranking the determinants of tourism performance: a global investigation. Journal of Travel Research 51(4):388-399
Austin a M.J;  Kate Regan a, K  , Mark W. Samples a  M.W;  Sara L. Schwartz, S.L;  Carnochan a, Sl(2011) Building Managerial and Organizational Capacity in Nonprofit Human Service Organizations Through a Leadership Development Program; Administration in Social Work, 35:258–281, 2011;  DOI: 10.1080/03643107.2011.575339
Blazevic; O (2016); Health Tourism and Smart Specialization; UTMS Journal of Economics 7 (1): 85–95.
Boekstein, M (2014): Tourism, health and the changing role of thermal springs- should South Africa reposition its thermal spring tourism product? African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure Vol. 3 (2) - (2014) ISSN: 2223-814X Copyright: © 2014 AJHTL - Open Access- Online
Bolger, J. )2000(: Capacity Development, Canadian International Development Agency 200 Promenade du Portage(CIDA).
Boroomand, B;  Kazemi,A;  Ranjbarian, B(2018): Developing a Domestic Model for Tourism Destinations Competitiveness Measurement in Iran; Marketing Research Quarterly; Volume8, Issue 29 ; 2018;  Pages 105-122. [In Persian]
Boroomand, B; Kazemi, a; Ranjbarian, B (2019): Designing a Model for Competitiveness Measurement of Selected Tourism Destinations of Iran (The Model and Rankings) Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & Tourism Volume 20, 2019 - Issue 4; PP: 1-16;
Barbini, F.M & Presutti, M (2015): The Role of Destination Management Organizations in Exploiting Global Opportunities of Tourism Destinations DOI: 10.4018/978-1-4666-8606-9
  Calderwood L.U; Soshkin M.(2019)The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2019 ; World Economic Forum Travel and Tourism at a Tipping Point.
Charlotte Backlund C; Karl-Erik Lundgren K.E; Forsberg l (2002) Organizational development & capacity building; Swedish mission council 6/2002.
Chin L; Hampton M.P (2020) The relationship betweem destination competitiveness and residents quality of life: lesson from Ball Wei;   Tourism and Hospitality Management, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 311-336, 2020;
Ching-Yaw, C., Sok, P., & Sok, K. (2008). Evaluating the competitiveness of the tourism industry in Cambodia: Self-assessment from professionals. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 13, 41–66.
Cooper, C. (2016). Essentials of Tourism (2nd ed.). Harlow, UK: Pearson Education Limited.
Cornforth C; Mordaunt J(2011) Organisational Capacity Building: Understanding the Dilemmas for Foundations of Intervening in Small- and Medium-Size CharitiesVoluntas (2011) 22:428–449. DOI 10.1007/s11266-010-9175-z
Croes, R. (2011). Measuring and explaining competitiveness in the context of small island destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 50(4), 431-442.
Cronjé D F; Plessis E D (2020) A review on tourism destination competitiveness  Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management 45 (2020) 256–265
Crouch, G. I. (2010). "Destination Competitiveness: An Analysis of Determinant Attributes". Journal of Travel Research. doi:10.1177/0047287510362776 Dwyer, L. & Kim, C. (2003). Destination competitiveness: determinants and indicators. Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369-414.
Crouch, G.I. (2011), "Destination competitiveness: an analysis of determinant attributes", Journal of Travel Research, Vol. 50 No. 1, pp. 27-45. DOI: 10.1177/0047287510362776.
Csapó, J., & Marton, G. (2017). the role and importance of SPA and Wellness tourism in hungary's tourism industry. Czech; Journal of Tourism, 6(1), 55–68. Doi: 10.1515/cjot-2017–0003
Delshad , A (2021): The smartness' effect on competitiveness of Yazd Tourism Destination; The Journal of Geographical Research on Desert Areas; Volume 8, Issue 1 Summer and Autumn 2021 Pages 105-129. [In Persian]
Dragoş Cȋrstea, S. (2014). Travel &Tourism Competitiveness: a Study of World's top economic competitive countries. Procedia Economics and Finance 15 (2014) 1273 – 1280.
Dwyer D; Cvelbar L.K; Mihallc T; Koman k.(2014)Integrated Destination Competitiveness Model: Testing Its Validity and Data Accessibility; Tourism Analysis, Volume 19, Number 1; DOI:
Dwyer, L., & Kim, C. (2003). Destination competitiveness: Determinants and indicators Current Issues in Tourism, 6(5), 369–414.
Ebrahimi, M; Yavarigohar, F; Hasankashi, M (2019): Prioritizing Iran's Competitiveness Factors in Halal Tourism; Journal of Tourism Planning & Development  ; Volume8, Issue 28 Spring 2019 Pages 113-137. [In Persian]
Enright, M. J., & Newton, J. (2004). Tourism destination competitiveness: A quantitative approach. Tourism Management, 25(6), 777–788.
Esteva˜, C; o, Joa˜o Ferreira, O.J; Nunes, S (2015); Determinations of Torism Destination Competitiveness: A Sem Approach; Advances in Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research, Volume 10, 121-139.
 Farzin, M & Nadalipour, Z(2010): Factors Affecting the Competitive Advantage of Tourism Destinations in Iran the case of study: Chabahar Region, Quarterly Journal of Tourism Management Studies, Vol.5, No.14, pp.40-67 [In Persian].
 Farzin, M.R; Shekari, F; Azizi, F (2019): Tourism Destination Competitiveness: An Importance-Performance Analysis of Yazd and Shiraz; TOURISM Management Studies, Volume 13, Issue 44 Winter 2019 Pages 219- 247. [In Persian]
Fernándeza, J.A.S; Azevedob; Martin, J.M; Martin, J.A.R(2019) Determinants of tourism destination competitiveness in the countries most visited by international tourists: Proposal of a synthetic index; José Antonio Salinas. Tourism Management Perspectives 33 (2020) 100582; PP:1-13; 
Foris,D;  Florescu, A; Foris, T & Barabas, S(2020): Improving the Management of Tourist Destinations:  A New Approach to Strategic Management at the DMO Level by Integrating Lean Techniques; Sustainability 2020, 12, 10201; doi:10.3390/su122310201
Ghaderi, E; Arabi, S.S (2020): Urban Tourism Competitiveness in Iran (Applying Dwyer' s Integrated Model); Environmental Based Territorial Planning  , Volume 13, Issue 49 Summer 2020 Pages 203-228. [In Persian]
Ghozbanii, R; Aminbeidokhti, A; Jafari, S; Haqiqat, H(2020) 4Factors Affecting Competitiveness of Geotourism Destination;  Tourism  Manegement Studies Volume 15, Issue 49 – S. N 49;  2020; Pages 63-93; [In Persian].
Goffi, G and Cucculelli, M. (2018): Explaining tourism competitiveness in small and medium destinations: The Italian case ORCID Icon &Marco Cucculelli; Current Issues in Tourism; Pages 2109-2139
Gomezelj, D. O., & Mihalič, T. (2008). Destination competitivenessapplying different models: The case of Slovenia. Tourism Management, 29, 294–307.
Gooroochurn, N., & Sugiyarto, G. (2005). Competitiveness indicators in the travel and tourism industry. Tourism Economics, 11(1), 25–43.
Günlü K.E; Ige, P (2016) Competitiveness factors of a tourism destination and impact on residents' quality of life: The case of Cittaslow-Seferihisar and; Dokuz Eylul University, Turkey, Yasar University, Turkey. https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/77464/1/MPRA_paper_77464.pdf
Hassan S. S. (2000) Determinants of Market Competitiveness in an Environmentally Sustainable Tourism Industry Volume: 38 issue: 3, page(s): 239-245
 Heath, E. (2003). Towards a model to enhance destination competitiveness: A southern African perspective. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 10(2), 124–141.
Hesshmati Jadid, M;  Solimani Mehranjani , M ; Zanganeh , A ;  Parizadi ,T (2020):An Explanation of the Institutional Capacity for Enhancing the Urban Resiliency in Environmental Crises; Scientific Journal of Defense Policy ;Volume 28, Issue 111 - Serial Number 111 Autumn 2020 Pages 167-19. [In Persian]
Heung, V., & Kucukusta, D. (2013). Wellness tourism in China: resources, development and marketing. International journal of tourism research, 15(4), 346-359. Volume15, Issue4
Happ, E (2020): Tourism destination competitiveness with a particular focus on sport: the current state and a glance into the future – a systematic literature analysis Journal of Sport & Tourism; 2021, Vol. 25, No. 1, 66–82
 Hudson S; Ritchie J. R. B; Timur S. (2004) Measuring Destination Competitiveness: An Empirical Study  of Canadian Ski Resorts April 2004Tourism and Hospitality Planning  & Development 1(1):79-94; DOI:10.1080/1479053042000187810
Imanikhoshkhoo , M.H ; Nadalipour , Z (2016): a conceptual model of tourism destination competitiveness in the context of sustainable development; Journal of Tourism and Development, Volume 5, Issue 1 - Serial Number 7 Spring 2016 Pages 84-106. [In Persian]
Imbaya B.O; Nthiga R W.a;  Sitati N.W.b; Lenaiyasa P.B(2019)Capacity building for inclusive growth in community-based tourism initiatives in Kenya; Tourism Management Perspectives 30 (2019) 11–18;
Paunovi'c I; Dressler M; Nikoli'c T M; Panti'c S.P(2020) Destination of the Future: Clusters and Predictors of Successful National-Level Destination Governance across Destination Life-Cycle; Sustainability 2020, 12, 4066.
Junio. M.M; Kim.J.H; Lee.T. J (2016) Competitiveness attributes of a medical tourism destination: The case of South Korea with importance-performance analysis Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing 2016; PP:1-17.
Kajornbun , S; Dhirathiti , S.N(2019)Local administration organization capacity development for tourism promotion in the Andaman coastal provinces, Thailand Int. J. Tourism Policy, Vol. 9, No. 4, 2019.
Khakpour, Baratali. & Abbasi, Hamed. & Shah Karami, Nemat. (2018) Evaluating and analyzing the
position of tourism brand in Fars province based on national competitiveness identity, Quarterly Journal of Tourism Management Studies, Vol.13, No.44, pp.109-141 [In Persian].
Khanzadeh , H ; Rahnavard , F ; Bamdad , N ; Mahmoudzadeh , S.M (2021):Explanation Model of Tourism Competitiveness in Iran Touristic Cities; New Marketing Research Journal, Volume 11, Issue 2 - Serial Number 41 Summer 2021 Pages 45-68. [In Persian] 
Kovačević, N.D;  Kovačević, L; Stankovc, U; Dragićević, V; Miletić, A(2018);  Applying destination competitiveness model to strategic tourism development of small destinations: The case of South Banat district; Journal of Destination Marketing & Management; Volume 8, June 2018, Pages 114-124 
Kusuma, W (2020): Institutional Capacity Development of Rural Tourism in Lombok Kulon Bondowoso; International Journal of Environmental, Sustainability and Social Sciences; Volume1, Nomor1, 47-53. DOI:
Labin S.N, Duffy G.L; Meyers D.C; Wandersman A; Lesesne C.A(2012) A Research Synthesis of the Evaluation Capacity Building Literature; American Journal of Evaluation; 1-12; 
 Lavergne, R; Saxby, J (2001): Capacity Development: Vision and implications Capacity Development; Occasional Series Canadian International Development Agency(CIDA).
Leung, X. Y., & Baloglu, S. (2013). Tourism competitiveness of Asia Pacific destinations. Tourism Analysis, 18(4), 371–384.
Loss, J; Brew-Sam, N; Metz, B; Strobl, H; Sauter, a; Tittlbach, S. (2020) Capacity Building in Community Stakeholder Groups for Increasing Physical Activity: Results of a Qualitative Study in Two German Communities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2306;
Maleki S; Sajadian, M(2018):Pathology quality competitive tourism Desert destination management (Case Study: Shahdad Kerman desert);  Geography &  Development Iranian Journal; Volume 16, Issue 51 - Serial Number 51 Spring 2018 Pages 81-98.[In Persian].
Manrai ,L.A; Manrai, A. K; Friedeborn.S(2018) MEnvironmental determinants of destination competitiveness and its Tourism Attractions-Basics- Context, A-B-C, indicators A review, conceptual model and propositions Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative;  DOI 10.1108/JEFAS-01-2018-0010
Millar a, P; Doherty A (2016) Capacity building in nonprofit sport organizations: Development of a process model. Sport Management Review Volume 19, 2016 - Issue 4; 365-377.
Minaei, A; Heydari Chianeh, R;  Ghorbani, R(2020):Analysis of the Components of Memorable Experiences on Urban Sustainability and Competitiveness of Tourism Destinations Case study: Ardabil City; Journal of Urban Tourism; Volume 7, Issue 2;  Summer 2020; Pages 143-155;[ In Persian].
Mueller, H., & Kaufmann, E. (2001). Wellness tourism: Market Analysis of a special health tourism segment and implications for the hotel industry. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 7(1), 5–17
Negrușa, A.L &  Coroș, M.M(2016) Destination Management Organizations' (DMOS') Roles and Performance – Literature Review; The 2nd International Scientific Conference SAMRO 2016; Romania, October, 2016
OECD (2013): Indicators for Measuring Competitiveness in Tourism a Guidance Document Alain Dupeyras, Neil MacCallum; OECD Tourism Papers 2013/02;
PAHRDF, (2012) Capacity Development Model and its Applicability across Various Types of    Institutions. https://unsdg.un.org/sites/default/files/UNDG-UNDAF-Companion-Pieces-8-Capacity-Development.pdf 
Paunovi'c, I; Dressler, M; Nikoli'c, T.M; and Panti'c, S.P(2020): Developing a Competitive and Sustainable Destination of the Future: Clusters and Predictors of Successful National-Level Destination Governance across Destination Life-Cycle; Sustainability 2020, 12, 4066; 
Quynh t.K.U. (2021); Wellness travel motivation post covid-19; thesis degree programme in tourism; Lapland University of Applied Sciences.
Rahmani, F; Rahnama, A(2021): The Impact of Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Indicators on Foreign Tourism Demand in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA); Journal of Social Studiy in Tourism; Volume 8, Issue 16 Autumn 2020-Winter 2021 Pages 113-144 . [In Persian]
Rajabzadeh, a; Mortazavi, M; Doostar, M; akhoundi, N (2020): Developing a conceptual framework for organizational capacity building in higher education to respond to society expectations: A concept analysis approach; ORMR; Volume10, Issue2 Spring 2020 Pages 45-73. [In Persian]
Ramezannezhad , Y ; Eftekhari; A.R;  (2019): Evaluation of the management Competence of  the Organizations Responsible for Rural Coastal Tourism Destinations in Guilan  Province; Human Geography Research Quarterly; Volume 51, Issue 1 Spring 2019 Pages 97-110
Eftekhari; A.R;  Ramezannezhad , Y ;;(2018): Analysis of the Communications Capacity of the Responsible Organizations for Coastal Tourism Destinations Case Study: Rural Destinations of Guilan Province; Spatial Planning (Modares Human Science); Volume22, Issue 2 Summer 2018  Pages 167-187. [In Persian]
Risfandini A; Thoyib A; Noermijati N; Mugiono M. (2021) Competitiveness of Tourism Destinations: An Extended Criteria of Resource-Based View; Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business Vol 8 No 5 (2021) 0253–0263;
Ritchie, J.R & Crouch, G.I(2010):  A model of destination competitiveness sustainability: Brazilian perspectives. rap - Rio de Janeiro 44(5):1049-66, Set. /out. 2010
Robertico Croes (2013) Evaluation of Tourism Competitiveness and its effects on destination management; making a difference in costa rica? Diálogos: Revista Electrónica de Historia, Volumen especial en homenaje a Víctor Hugo Acuña, octubre 2013. / p. 115-133.
Romão, J., Machino, K.,  Nijkamp, p. (2018) Integrative diversification of wellness tourism services in rural areas – an operational framework model applied to east Hokkaido (Japan), Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23:7, 734-746,
Savaşana, A. , Yalvaçb, M. , Tuncel, E.(2017):Statistical reasoning for developing an attitude scale for health tourism stakeholders in North Cyprus context; Procedia Computer Science;Volume 120, 2017, Pages 196-203.  
Smith, M., & Kelly, C. (2006). Holistic tourism: Journeys of the self? Tourism Recreation Research, Publication Cover; Tourism Recreation Research; Volume 31, 2006 - Issue 1 31(1), page15–25
Smith, M., & Puckzo, L. (Eds.). (2008). Health and wellness tourism. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.
Stensaker B (2021); Building institutional capacity for student competencies: An organizational perspective; International Journal of Chinese Education January–April 2021, 1–10 permissions
Svensson, P.G(2015); Exploring Organizaionnal Capacity in Sport for Development and Peac Setting: A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Leadership and Organizational Development. University of Louisville.
Torkzadeh, J; Zeinali, F; Mohammadi, M; Salimi, G (2019): Developing a Framework for the Organizational Capacity of Academic Centers: A Qualitative Study. Ihej; Volume11, Issue 2 Summer 2019 Pages 119-142. [In Persian]
UNDP (1998): Capacity assessment and development in a Systems and Strategic Management Context.           
UNDP (2005): Measuring Capacities an Illustrative Catalogue to Benchmarks and Indicators Capacity Development Group Bureau for Development PolicySeptember 2005.
UNDP(2009):Capacity Development: A UNDP Primer.
https://www.undp.org/publications/capacity-development-undp-primer
UNESCO (2012) Guidelinesfor Capacity Development in Education Policy Planning and Resource Management. Education Sector UNESCO.   
UNICEF (2010) The approach of UNICEF to capacity development.      E/ICEF/2010/CRP.20 August 2010 
Vaezi , R ; Chekin , M ; Aslipour , H (2018): Policy-Making Challenges in the Field of Health Tourism in Iran; Tourism Management Studies; Volume 13, Issue 41 Spring 2018 Pages 1-40. [In Persian]
Varghese, B (2013): Intervention of destination management organization's in tourist destinations for branding, image building and competitiveness – a conducive model for Karnataka" Journal of Investment and Management 56-60(3); 2013;
Volgger, M & Pechlaner, H (2014): Requirements for destination management organizations in destination governance: Understanding DMO success; Tourism Management 41 (2014) 64e75
Wachira E.M&  GeSCI(2007): Organizational Capacity Audit Tool; Global e-School and Communities Initiative, GeSCI;
https://en.unesco.org/icted/sites/default/files/2019-04/capacity-audit-tool.pdf
Zargham Borujeni, H; Tohidloo, M (2011): Effective tourism management model, case study: Religious destination of Mashhad; Tourism  Manegement Studies ; Volume7, Issue 16 Autumn and Winter 2011 Pages 25-52. [In Persian]
Ziaee, M; Aminbeidokhti, A.A; Ghorbani, F (2014): Assessment of the Local Community Capacity for the Sustainable Development of Tourism (Case Study: Pasargadae Special Tourism Area); Tourism  Manegement Studies; Volume 8, Issue 24 Winter 2014 Pages 59-88. [In Persian]
  Ziaee, M; Delshad, A; Taghavifard. M.T; Tajzadeh Namin, A(2021):  Competitiveness of tourism destinations: A qualitative meta-analysis of studies using Blaikie Triple Index; Journal of Physical Development Planning; Volume5, Issue 4 Winter 2020 Pages 75 -92. [In Persian]