Carbon Footprint Assessment of Iran’s Hotel Industry: Emphasizing Indirect Supply Chain Emissions and Budget-Constrained Optimization of Emission Reduction Strategies

Teimouri, Iraj; Nemati, Mohammad

doi:10.22054/tms.2026.94310.3229

Carbon Footprint Assessment of Iran’s Hotel Industry: Emphasizing Indirect Supply Chain Emissions and Budget-Constrained Optimization of Emission Reduction Strategies

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Iraj Teimouri

Mohammad Nemati

Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Planning and Environmental Sciences, University of Tabriz

https://doi.org/10.22054/tms.2026.94310.3229

Abstract

The hotel industry is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions due to its high energy consumption and dependence on upstream supply chains. This study estimated the direct and indirect carbon footprint per one billion Iranian rials of hotel activity, identified key supply chain sectors, and optimized emission reduction under budget constraints. A quantitative descriptive–analytical approach was applied using Iran’s 38-sector input–output table, the national energy balance, and the 2019 IPCC emission factors. Carbon emissions were estimated through environmentally extended input–output analysis (EEIOA), while optimization results were validated using the genetic algorithm and interior-point method. The findings show that the hotel industry’s carbon footprint is dominated by indirect emissions from energy-intensive upstream sectors, with the food manufacturing and electricity sectors providing the greatest mitigation potential. The optimal solution also lies on the Pareto frontier, confirming the effectiveness of the proposed optimization framework.

Keywords

Carbon footprint

Hotel industry

Supply chain

Linear programming

Pareto optimization

Subjects