Tourism Management Studies

Abstract

Abstract Policy agenda setting significantly affects tourism policies, describing which tourism issues make onto public policy agenda. Given the considerable gap in studying this stage, this paper seeks to explore Iran’s public policy agenda between 2013 and 2019 focusing on different types of tourism issues. Conducting an archival study, data related to agenda indicators drawn from three institutional venues in Iran including legislative-led, executive-led and budget indicators.  The results of qualitative content analysis of official documents showed that relatively a few numbers of the issues reached the agenda including those related to tourism management, developing tourism product, and enacting relevant rules and regulations. However, tourism marketing and tourism information management issues were less considered in the agenda setting process. It is argued that failure in getting different types of the issues on to the agenda could result in gaps in subsequent tourism policies, affecting tourism development.
Introduction
Considering Tourism as one of the fastest growing economic sectors, it is intorduced as an effective tool for economic development in Iran. Pursuing this goal, tourism policies play a vital role, since they determine the direction or course of action to develop tourism(Goeldner & Ritchie, 2009). However, the low contribution of tourism industry to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Iran (Bahmani & Namamian, 2021; Farzin, Abbaspoor, Ashrafi & Zargham Boroojeni, 2020) indicates that Iran’s tourism policies fail in pursuing their intended goals(Karoubi, Yavari Gohar, Zarea & Abbasi, 2020). Regardless of the quality of tourism policy, it is the successful transmission of tourism issues to the public policy agenda that assures policy formation in addressing these issues. In this regard, expolring agenda setting stage in public policy making could contribute to a better understanding of tourism policy making. Given the considerable gap in studying agenda setting, this paper seeks to explore Iran’s public policy agenda focusing on different types of tourism issues.
Materials and Methods
This study considers the status of different types of tourism issues on Iran’s public policy agenda over years between 2013 and 2019. Conducting an archival study, data drawn from three institutional venues in Iran including legislative-led, executive-led and budget indicators, looking for tourism related keywords in both title and context of the ofiicial documents. Qualitattive content analysis was used as the main method in two coding circles: open and axial coding. The emergent categories represent the main groups of the issues which made it onto the agenda.
Discussion and Results
The relative share of tourism issues on the agenda was calculated through qualitative content analysis of 4800 officiacl documents including tourism policies, congressional  hearings, tourism bills, Tourism proposals and the government spending. As a result, 486 documents were identified with focus on tourism issues. Minor changes in relative share of the issue on the agenda during 2013- 2019 reflect the failure in tourism agenda setting.
Turning to the typology of the tourism issues, six categories identified: tourism management and organization, tourism product development, tourism rules and regulations, tourism marketing, tourism human resources and tourism information management. While the first three stood in the main category places in the most of the agenda indicators, issues related to marketing and information management has been less considered.
Conclusions
Using a variety of policy agenda indicators to study the transmission of different types of tourism issues to public policy process, this study differs from few past agenda setting research in the context of Iran in which only policies are explored.
In conclusion, it is argued that the failure in getting different tourism issues onto the public policy agenda is one of the main challenges in tourism policy making and subsequently in tourism development in this country. Emphasizing on less considered issues as agenda setting priorities could effectively address the gaps in needed tourism policies. This paper suggests that participatory tourism management at macro level might facilitate the transmission of the tourism priorities towrads policy agenda.

Abstract Because human resources have a great impact on forming a positive image of the organization in the minds of customers, so today in the internal branding process, personnel have an important role in conveying brand promises to customers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze and identify the factors affecting internal branding from the perspective of executives. The method of this research is qualitative and the data obtained from interviews with 19 executives of hotels in Yazd who have been selected by snowball sampling method and have been analyzed using thematic analysis method and Nvivo software. The data after coding includes 642 initial codes, 32 themes and 9 comprehensive categories. The results showed that the effective factors in internal branding from the perspective of hotel executives includes training, monitoring, effective communication, effective meetings, customer orientation, leadership, selection and employment, service compensation and quality of working life.

Abstract This study aimed to mapping the thematic networks of hotel guests experience by using text mining technique in 4 star hotel in Tehran city. This research has been done with a qualitative approach and is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of data collection method. Research data is collected by using a crawler from the TripAdviser site. The statistical population of this study is all of 4 star hotel in Tehran city. The sampling method in this research is random sampling. To analyze the research data, the first text mining technique is used by RapidMiner software; then theme analysis is used. Thematic network of the research includes six themes as follows: physical environmental experience in the hotel, experience related to the staff in the hotel, social communication experience in the hotel, food experience in the hotel, location experience in the hotel and emotional experience in the hotel.

Abstract Social media plays an important role in many aspects of tourism, especially in information retrieval, decision making, tourism promotion, and customer interaction. Due to the growing number of published researches in the field of social media and tourism, the purpose of this research is to analyze the publication trend and conduct a bibliometric analysis of the research published in this field. For this purpose, the information of 1054 articles published in the Web of Science from 2009 to 2020 is analyzed. In this research, two levels of analysis are discussed. At the first level, the publication trend and the impact of authors, journals, and articles are examined. At the second level, the structure of co-occurrence network of keywords and co-authorship network of authors, institutions, and countries are analyzed. The results of this study show that the use of social media in various sectors of tourism has increased in recent years.

Abstract Identifying Crisis factors in the tourism industry has become a fundamental necessity in many tourism destinations due to natural-environmental and political events. Due to Iran's location in the Middle East which is plagued with crises, devising an unified risk strategy in tourism is unavoidable. The present study is a developmental-applied research that since the tourism industry is a service- based nature, has provided an integrated strategy for crisis management.
The target population was a group of experts of the tourism industry and academic individuals.
The collected data were analyzed by fuzzy cognitive mapping technique. According to the final model, the most effective crisis factors in Iran's tourism industry are: political instability in the region, insufficient Infrastructures, environmental pollution, currency fluctuations, infectious diseases and natural disasters and it recommended the use of an integrated management system in the tourism industry.

Abstract The purpose of this study is to provide a framework for explaining the preconditions for successful entry of entrepreneurs into the field of ecotourism. The approach of this qualitative research is in terms of applied purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study consists of experts and activists in the field of ecotourism with at least 2 years of experience, which has been obtained using Theoretical sampling method and exploratory interviews with 14 saturated people. In this study, Glaser- grounded theory was used to analyze the data, as a result of which 30 events were labeled in 4 concepts and 2 main categories. Findings show that in order for entrepreneurs to successfully enter the field of entrepreneurship, a kind of synergy must be created between empowering and capacity building factors through multiple interactions between motivating, facilitating, developing and grounding factors.

Abstract Eye tracking patterns will be used to explain how people's brain processes when faced with visual stimuli in travel agency advertising packages. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of price points (discount formatting) and price visibility (Variable display location) on people's attention towards prices in social media campaigns. The research variables are the time to first fixation, fixation count at the price, visit duration, and visit count to the area of interest. The results of the experiment showed that discount formatting had an impact on fixation count, visit duration, and visit count on the price, and the presentation of discounts in the form of cash and gifts attracted more attention. Also the price displayed at the top left got more attention.

Abstract .The community studied, among the experts of the Tourism Organization, professors And students who have been active in the field of tourism was selected Sampling method to Snowball shape was done.Research credibility The survey was conducted from different perspectives.First Available resources available potential tourism potential In the villages of Khorramabad city In various sectors of artistic, natural history, historical and religious sites The case was identified And more Using a semi-structured interview It has been explored the development strategies of this industry Finally, using the ATLAS software As a good quality software, Segregated categories Results showed "Using the traditional potential of villages", "Educational Programs" and "Local People's Participation", "Management and lanning", "Legislation and Policy""Support of Handicraft" and Also pay attention to "advertising" Can contribute to the development of rural tourism in this city.

Abstract According to the importance of sustainability in tourism activities, the aim of this study was to achieve a model for the development of sustainable sports tourism with the approach of rural sports and local-native games in Mazandaran province.This study is a qualitative research that has been done using the grounded theory .Data analysis was performed during three stages of coding and led to the emergence of 354 open codes, 66 concepts in the form of 11 main categories.The results showed that the existence of sports tourism attractions, as a causal condition has led to the need to develop sustainable sports tourism with the approach of rural sports and local-native games.If policies,management and planning and marketing strategies are implemented in the appropriate context of the infrastructure and whit regard to religious and social participation and financial and supportive considerations,it can lead to the emergence of sustainable livelihood consequences for local communities.

Abstract Risk perception could be considered as the first and most effective step for the optimal guidance and success of the risk management process. Today, tourism, as one of the new functions of rural spaces, is associated with many risks and threats for tourists that the perception of these dangers can play a significant role in travel decisions, readiness and their response to these dangers, the present article examines the factors affecting risk perception and its impact on the tourist's decision using the qualitative method of Husserl phenomenology. among the mentioned environmental hazards, the most possible hazards perceived by tourists in terms of human and natural hazards are the risk of road accidents and floods. The studied tourists considered objective to be more effective than subjective factors in perceiving the danger of tourist destinations. After perceiving the danger, two behaviors of avoiding travel by or facing danger have been selected equally.

Abstract The most important purpose of the present research is to investigate the role of creative tourism in increasing social participation of the Dardasht Neighborhood . For analysis of data, quantitative method and statistical tests were accomplished using SPSS and structural equation in the PLS software. The result of the measurement of the creative tourism impact in increasing social participation of Dardasht Neighborhood residents demonstrate that, with the development of creative urban tourism, the index of initiation and innovation scored the Beta level of -0.188, resilience-adaptation and reception scored a Beta level of -0/214, leadership and management with scored a beta level of 0/022, risk ability with a Beta level of -0/154 and social capital scored a Beta level of 0/431. Therefore it has different impacts in the Isfahan’s Dardasht neighborhood regarding increasing social participation of citizens in financial contribution fields, Mental-Spiritual involvement, physical association, political partaking and finally Instrumental participation.

Abstract The aim of the present paper is to present an appropriate framework to explain the position of each marketing concept and determine the significance of tourism marketing among marketing concepts, in terms of approach, technique and paradigm. To do so and in the first step, functional and important concepts of marketing were identified using ultra-combination method. In order to determine the position of tourism marketing among marketing concepts, multiple-stage Delphi technique was employed. Research population consists of a mixture of academic experts in marketing in and outside the country. The sample size in the second phase of the study was determined to be 26. Finally, through data analyses via single-variable t-test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the concepts were classified based on methodological levels, and tourism marketing was placed in paradigm category based on the conducted tests and the experts' opinions. Then, using TOPSIS, the position of tourism marketing was determined.