Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
1 Architecture and Planning Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
2 Associate Professor, Architecture and Urban Planning Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran
Abstract
Recognizing and interpreting the urban spaces as a tourist destination is the main objective of this study, so it can provide a way to modify or repair this mental image by identifying the environmental features involved. This research is one of the first research in this area (urban tourism) that places urban space as the subject and destination of domestic tourists. This is interpretive research and has used Grounded Theory. Participants of the study included 30 domestic tourists visiting Isfahan urban spaces. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview method. Then they were analyzed based on the structural analysis of the Grounded Theory and according to open, axial and selective coding. The central issue is the mental image of domestic tourists from the urban spaces of Isfahan which is presented in two dimensions of cognitive and emotional with regard to the causative, contextual, and interventionist conditions, strategies, and consequences, the final model was presented.
Keywords
استراوس، آنسلم؛ کربین، جولیت. (1391). مبانی پژوهش کیفی: فنون و مراحل تولید نظریه زمینه ای(مترجم: افشار، ابراهیم). تهران: نشر نی.
امراللهی بیوکی، ناهید؛ نظری دهقی، اعظم. (1394). «اثرات تصویر ذهنی گردشگران شهر اصفهان بر توسعه گردشگری پایدار آن». مطالعات مدیریت‌گردشگری، 31، 103-129.
پورفرج، اکبر؛ ایمانی خوشخو، محمد حسین؛ بهبودی، ریحانه. (1384). «تاثیر معماری ایرانی - اسلامی بر انگاره‌ی ادراکی گردشگران اروپایی از مقصد ایران». مطالعات مدیریت‌گردشگری، 11 و 12، 57-80.
تاج زاده نمین، ابوالفضل؛ قضاریان، گریگور. (1389). «فرایند و عوامل مؤثر در شکل گیری انگاره مقصد گردشگری». مطالعات مدیریت‌گردشگری، 13، 139-168.
خانیا، پروانه. (1385). «فرصت‌ها و چالش‌های توریسم ایران در توسعه‌ی هزاره». فضای جغرافیایی، 16، 153-174.
دانایی‌فرد، حسن؛ امامی، سید‌مجتبی.(1386). «استراتژی‌های پژوهش کیفی: تأملی بر نظریه پردازی داده بنیاد». فصلنامه اندیشه مدیریت راهبردی، 2، 69-98.
زنگی آبادی، علی و همکاران. (1385). «تحلیل بازار گردشگری داخلی شهر اصفهان». جغرافیا و توسعه، 8 ، 131 - 156.
صیدایی، اسکندر؛ رستمی، شهین. (1391). «سنجش تأثیرات اقتصادی و اجتماعی - فرهنگی توسعه گردشگری (نمونه موردی شهر کرمانشاه)». برنامه ریزی فضایی، 7، 95-110.
طولابی، زینب؛ نصرالهی وسطی، سیمین. (1396). «تاثیر منابع اطلاعاتی بر تصویر ذهنی از مقصد گردشگری (مورد مطالعه: شهرستان خرم آباد)». مطالعات مدیریت‌گردشگری، 38، 111-127.
قربانی، رسول. (1382). «توریسم و پویایی فضای شهری». جغرافیا و برنامه ریزی، 13، 117-132.
گل، یان. (1387). زندگی در فضای میان ساختمانها. مترجم: شیما شصتی، جهاد دانشگاهی، تهران.
Aletta, F., Lepore, F., Kostara-Konstantinou, E., Kang, J., & Astolfi, A. (2016). »An experimental study on the influence of soundscapes on people’s behaviour in an open public space«. Applied Sciences, 6(10), 276. Appleyard, D. (1970). »Styles and methods of structuring a city«. Environment and behavior, 2(1), 100-117.
Assaker, G., Hallak, R., Assaf, A. G., & Assad, T. (2015). »Validating a structural model of destination image, satisfaction, and loyalty across gender and age: Multigroup analysis with PLS-SEM«. Tourism Analysis, 20(6), 577-591.
Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K. W. (1999). »A model of destination image formation«. Annals of tourism research, 26(4), 868-897.
Beerli, A., & Martin, J. D. (2004). »Factors influencing destination image«. Annals of tourism research, 31(3), 657-681.
Brokaw, S. C. (1990). An investigation of jewelry store image structure (Doctoral dissertation, Florida State University).
Cai, L. A., WU, B. T., & Bai, B. (2003). «Destination image and loyalty«. Tourism Review International, 7(3-1), 153-162.
Carmona, M., de Magalhães, C., & Hammond, L. (Eds.). (2008). Public space: the management dimension. Routledge.
Carr, S., Francis, M., Rivlin, L.G. and stone, A.M. (1992). Public space. Cambridge University press, Cambridge.
Choi, W. M., Chan, A., & Wu, J. (1999). »A qualitative and quantitative assessment of Hong Kong’s image as a tourist destination«. Tourism management, 20(3), 361-365.
Chon, K. S. (1990). »The role of destination image in tourism: A review and discussion«. The tourist review, 45(2), 2-9.
Corbin, J., & Strauss, A. (2008). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. Thousand Oaks: California, CA, USA.
Cullen, G. (1971). The concise townscape. Routledge.
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications.
Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1991). »The meaning and measurement of destination image«. Journal of tourism studies, 2(2), 2-12.
Echtner, C. M., & Ritchie, J. B. (1993). »The measurement of destination image: An empirical assessment«. Journal of travel research, 31(4), 3-13.
Ewing, R., & Clemente, O. (2013). Measuring urban design: Metrics for livable places. Island Press.
Gallarza, M. G., Saura, I. G., & Garcı́a, H. C. (2002). »Destination image: Towards a conceptual framework«. Annals of tourism research, 29(1), 56-78.
Gartner, W. C. (1994). »Image formation process«. Journal of travel & tourism marketing, 2(2-3), 191-216.
Gartner, W. C. (1996). Tourism development: Principles, processes, and policies. Wiley.
Gilboa, S., Jaffe, E. D., Vianelli, D., Pastore, A., & Herstein, R. (2015). »A summated rating scale for measuring city image«. Cities, 44, 50-59.
Goheen, P. G. (1998). »Public space and the geography of the modern city«. Progress in Human Geography, 22(4), 479-496.
Goodall, B. (1988). »How tourists choose their holidays: An analytical framework«. Marketing in the tourism industry: The promotion of destination regions, 1, 1-17.
Gospodini, A. (2001). »Urban design, urban space morphology, urban tourism: an emerging new paradigm concerning their relationship«. European Planning Studies, 9(7), 925-934.
Gunn, C. A. (1988). Vacationscape: Designing tourist regions. Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Hunt, J. D. (1975). »Image as a factor in tourism development«. Journal of travel research, 13(3), 1-7.
Jiang, B. (2013). »The image of the city out of the underlying scaling of city artifacts or locations«. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 103(6), 1552-1566.
Johnson, B., & Christensen, L. (2008). Educational research: Quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. Sage.
Koerte, T. R. (2009). The projected and perceived image of the United Republic of Tanzania. CFS Honors Program Undergraduate Theses, 8.
Larsen, G., & George, V. (2006). «The social construction of destination image: A New Zealand film example«. Creating images and the psychology of marketing communication, 117.
Law, C. M. (1993). Urban tourism: attracting visitors to large cities. Mansell Publishing Limited.
Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. Cambridge: The Technology Press & Harvard University Press.
MacCannell, D. (2000). «Symbolic Capital: Urban Design for Tourism«. Journeys, 1(1), 157-182.
Montgomery, J. (1998). »Making a city: Urbanity, vitality and urban design«. Journal of Urban Design, 3(1), 93-116.
Nasar, J. L. (1990). »The evaluative image of the city«. Journal of the American Planning Association, 56(1), 41-53.
Nikšič, M., & Watson, G. B. (2017). »Urban public open space in the mental image of users: the elements connecting urban public open spaces in a spatial network«. Journal of Urban Design, 1-24.
Perussia, F. (1986). »Sette problemi per una psicologia dell'agire turistico«. Psicologia e turismo, Bergamo: SIPC-Bolis, 15-31.
Pike, S. (2002). »Destination image analysis—a review of 142 papers from 1973 to 2000«. Tourism management, 23(5), 541-549.
Ramadier, T., & Moser, G. (1998). »Social legibility, the cognitive map and urban behaviour«. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 18(3), 307-319.
Raszkowski, P. A. (2012). »The Importance of City Image in Socio-Economic Development«. Nierówności Społeczne a Wzrost Gospodarczy, (nr 29), 335-344.
Richards, G., & Wilson, J. (2004). »The impact of cultural events on city image: Rotterdam, cultural capital of Europe 2001«. Urban studies, 41(10), 1931-1951.
Silva, C., Kastenholz, E., & Abrantes, J. L. (2013). »Place-attachment, destination image and impacts of tourism in mountain destinations«. Anatolia, 24(1), 17-29.
Smith, A. (2006). »Assessing the contribution of flagship projects to city image change: a quasi‐experimental technique«. International Journal of Tourism Research, 8(6), 391-404.
Stylidis, D., Shani, A., & Belhassen, Y. (2017). »Testing an integrated destination image model across residents and tourists«. Tourism Management, 58, 184-195.
Tibbalds, F. (1992). Making People Friendly Towns: Improving the Public Environments in Towns and Cities. Harlow, UK: Longman.
Tuan, Y. F. (1975). »Images and mental maps«. Annals of the Association of American geographers, 65(2), 205-212.
Zucker, P. (1945). »The aesthetics of space in architecture, sculpture, and city planning«. The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, 4(1), 12-19.
سایت‌ها و پایگاه‌های اطلاع رسانی:
https://www.tripadvisor.com/
)