Document Type : Research Paper
Authors
Isfahan university faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics
Abstract
travel intention is one of the variables that tourism marketing experts interest it
to analyze consumer behavior in tourism. In this article, pull and push factors
that affect travel intention of religious tourism were extracted with Delphi
method firstly and then the model that it was submitted base of experts attitudes
and library studies was tested with smart PLS software. Base of experts
attitudes, the most important push factors are Age, tourist belief to requirement
of destination Pilgrimage, Being religious, the impetus for faith increasing,
Religious travel experience, the impetus for the forgiveness of sins. The most
important pull factors are existence of night life in destination, mentioning
destination name in the Quran and the Hadiths, development of destination
transportation, the fame of destination, development of health services in
destination. Base of results, some pull factors with some push factors, some pull
factors with attitude, attitude with desire and desire with travel intention of
religious tourism have relationship.
Keywords
موون جان سی و مینور مایکل اس( 1390 ) ترجمه صالح اردستانی، سعدی محمدرضا، رفتار
مصرفکننده، انتشارات اتحاد، تهران، چاپ سوم.
Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K.W. (1999), U.S. international pleasure travellers’
images of four Mediterranean destinations: A comparison of visitors and nonvisitors,
journal of travel research , 38(2): 144-153.
Baker, E.W., Al-Gahtani, S. S. and Hubona, G. S. (2007), The effects of
gender and age on new technology implementation in a developing country:
testing the theory of planned behavior (TPB), Information Technology & People,
20(4): 352-375.
Beerli A., Martın J. D. (2004), Tourists’ characteristics and the perceived
image of tourist destinations: quantitative analysis—a case study of lanzarote
spain, Tourism Management, 25: 623-636.
Cheng, S. Lam, T. and Hsu, C. H. C. (2006), Negative word-of-mouth
communication intention: an application of the TPB, Journal of Hospitality &
Tourism Research, 30(1): 95-116.
Chon, K. S. (1989), Understanding recreational travelers’ motivation,
attitudes, and satisfaction, The Tourist Review, 44(1): 3–7.
Cohen, E., (1996), A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences. In Y.
Apostolopoulos.
Crompton, J. (1979), Motivation for pleasure vacation, Annals of Tourism
research, 6(4): 408–424.
Crompton J. L., McKay S. L.(1997), Motives of visitors attending festival
events, Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2): 425-439.
Fornell C., Larcker D.F. (1981), Evaluating structural equation models with
unobservable variables and measurement error, J. Mark. Res., 18(1).
Delener, N. (1994), Religious contrasts in consumer decision behavior
patterns, their dimension and marketing implication, European Journal of
Marketing, 28(5): 33-36.
Eade, john, (1992), pilgrimage and tourism in Lourdes, France, Annals of
Tourism Research, 19: 18-32
Essoo, N., & Dibb, S. (2004). Religious influences on shopping behavior: an
exploratory study, Journal of Marketing Management, 20(78): 683-712.
Fam, K.S., Waller, D.S., and Erdogan, B.Z. (2004), The influence of religion
on attitudes towards the advertising of controversial products, European Journal
of Marketing, 38(5/6): 537-555.
Gartner, W. C. (1993). Image formation process, Journal of Travel &
Tourism Marketing, 2(2/3): 191–215.
Hair J.F., Hult G.T.M., Ringle C., Sarstedt, M. (2013), A Primer on Partial
Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS–SEM), SAGE Publications,
Thousand Oaks.
Jalilvand M. R., Samiei N. , Dini B. , Yaghoubi Manzari P., (2012),
Examining the structural relationships of electronic word of mouth, destination
image, tourist attitude toward destination and travel intention: An integrated
approach, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1: 134–143.
122
Lam, T. , Hsu, C.H.C.,(2006), Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a
travel destination, Tourism Management, 27: 589–599.
Lee, C.K., Song, H. J., Bendle, L. J., Kim, M. J., & Han, H. S. (2012), The
impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel
intentions: a model of goal directed behavior. Tourism Management, 33(1): 89-
99.
Leone, L., Perugini, M., & Ercolani, A. P. (2004), Studying, practicing, and
mastering: a test of the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB) in the software
learning domain, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(9): 1945-1973.
MacKay, K.& Fesenmaier, D., (1998), A process approach to segmenting the
gateway travel market, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 7(3): 1-39.
McKercher, B.& Cros, H., (2003), Testing a cultural tourism typology, The
International Journal of Tourism Research, 5(1), pp.45.
Meng, F., Tepanon, Y. & Uysal, M. (2008). Measuring tourist satisfaction by
attribute and motivation: The case of a nature-based resort, Journal of Vacation
Marketing,14(1): 41-56.
Moutinho, L. (1987). Consumer behavior in tourism, Journal of Marketing,
21(10): 1–44.
Perugini, M., & Bagozzi, R.P., (2004), The distinction between desires and
intentions, European Journal of Social Psychology, 34: 69-84.
Prestwich, A., Perugini, M. and Hurling, R. (2008), Goal desires moderate
intention behavior relations, British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(1): 49-71.
Rezaei, S. (2015), Segmenting consumer decision-making styles (CDMS)
toward marketing practice: A partial least squares (PLS) path modeling
approach, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 22: 1–15.
Rinschede G. (1992), Form of religious tourism, Annals of Tourism
Research, 19: 51-67.
Rinschede, G. (1988), The Pilgrimage Center of Fatima/Portugal. In
Geographia Religionum, Band 4, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. 65-98
Russell, P. (1999), Religious travel in the new millennium, Travel & Tourism
Analyst, 5: 39–68.
Sharpley, R. & Sundaram, P. (2005), Tourism: a sacred journey? The case of
ashram tourism, India. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(3): 161-
172.
Smith, V. ( 1992), Introduction: The quest in guest, Annals of Tourism
Research, 19(1): 1-17.
Song, H. J., Lee, C.K., Kang, S.K. and Boo, S.J. (2012), The effect of
environmentally friendly perceptions on festival visitors’ decision-making
process using an extended model of goaldirected behavior, Tourism
Management, 33(6): 1417-1428.
Song H., You G., Reisinger Y., Lee C., Lee S. (2014), Behavioral intention
of visitors to an Oriental medicine festival: An extended model of goal directed
behavior, Tourism Management, 42: 101-113.
Sood, J. and Nasu, Y. (1995), Religiosity and nationality, an exploratory
study of their effect on consumer behavior in Japan and the United States.
Journal of Business Research, 34(1): 19.
Timothy D. J. & Olsen D. H., (2006), Tourism, religion and spiritual
Journeys, United Kingdom: Routledge, pp. 186-201.
Turner, V. (1973). The centre out there: Pilgrim’s goal, History of
123
Religions,12: 191-230.
Um, S., & Crompton, J. L. (1990). Attitude determinants in tourism
destination choice, Annals of Tourism Research, 17: 432–448.
Uysal, M. and Jurowski, C., (1994), Testing the Push and Pull Factors,
Annals of Tourism research, 21(4): 844-846.
Wright, K. (2009), The New Era of Faith Tourism. Presentation at the Arabian
Travel Market May 2009. Dubai, UAE. Retrieved from:http://www.slideshare.net/
WRTA/arabian-travel-marketkevin-j-wrightdubai
Wu C.-W. (2015), Foreign tourists' intentions in visiting leisure farms,
Journal of Business Research, 68 : 757–762.
Vijayanand S. (2012), Pilgrimage tourism management issues and
challenges with refrence to Tamil Nadu, Asian Journal of Multidimensional
Research, 1(2).
Vvukonic, B. (1996), Tourism and religion. New York: Pergamon.
Zamani-Farahani, H., Musa, G. (2012), The relationship between Islamic
religiosity and residents’ perceptionsof socio-cultural impacts of tourism in Iran:
Case studies of Sare’in and Masooleh, Tourism Management, 33: 802-814
مصرفکننده، انتشارات اتحاد، تهران، چاپ سوم.
Baloglu, S., & McCleary, K.W. (1999), U.S. international pleasure travellers’
images of four Mediterranean destinations: A comparison of visitors and nonvisitors,
journal of travel research , 38(2): 144-153.
Baker, E.W., Al-Gahtani, S. S. and Hubona, G. S. (2007), The effects of
gender and age on new technology implementation in a developing country:
testing the theory of planned behavior (TPB), Information Technology & People,
20(4): 352-375.
Beerli A., Martın J. D. (2004), Tourists’ characteristics and the perceived
image of tourist destinations: quantitative analysis—a case study of lanzarote
spain, Tourism Management, 25: 623-636.
Cheng, S. Lam, T. and Hsu, C. H. C. (2006), Negative word-of-mouth
communication intention: an application of the TPB, Journal of Hospitality &
Tourism Research, 30(1): 95-116.
Chon, K. S. (1989), Understanding recreational travelers’ motivation,
attitudes, and satisfaction, The Tourist Review, 44(1): 3–7.
Cohen, E., (1996), A Phenomenology of Tourist Experiences. In Y.
Apostolopoulos.
Crompton, J. (1979), Motivation for pleasure vacation, Annals of Tourism
research, 6(4): 408–424.
Crompton J. L., McKay S. L.(1997), Motives of visitors attending festival
events, Annals of Tourism Research, 24(2): 425-439.
Fornell C., Larcker D.F. (1981), Evaluating structural equation models with
unobservable variables and measurement error, J. Mark. Res., 18(1).
Delener, N. (1994), Religious contrasts in consumer decision behavior
patterns, their dimension and marketing implication, European Journal of
Marketing, 28(5): 33-36.
Eade, john, (1992), pilgrimage and tourism in Lourdes, France, Annals of
Tourism Research, 19: 18-32
Essoo, N., & Dibb, S. (2004). Religious influences on shopping behavior: an
exploratory study, Journal of Marketing Management, 20(78): 683-712.
Fam, K.S., Waller, D.S., and Erdogan, B.Z. (2004), The influence of religion
on attitudes towards the advertising of controversial products, European Journal
of Marketing, 38(5/6): 537-555.
Gartner, W. C. (1993). Image formation process, Journal of Travel &
Tourism Marketing, 2(2/3): 191–215.
Hair J.F., Hult G.T.M., Ringle C., Sarstedt, M. (2013), A Primer on Partial
Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS–SEM), SAGE Publications,
Thousand Oaks.
Jalilvand M. R., Samiei N. , Dini B. , Yaghoubi Manzari P., (2012),
Examining the structural relationships of electronic word of mouth, destination
image, tourist attitude toward destination and travel intention: An integrated
approach, Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 1: 134–143.
122
Lam, T. , Hsu, C.H.C.,(2006), Predicting behavioral intention of choosing a
travel destination, Tourism Management, 27: 589–599.
Lee, C.K., Song, H. J., Bendle, L. J., Kim, M. J., & Han, H. S. (2012), The
impact of nonpharmaceutical interventions for 2009 H1N1 influenza on travel
intentions: a model of goal directed behavior. Tourism Management, 33(1): 89-
99.
Leone, L., Perugini, M., & Ercolani, A. P. (2004), Studying, practicing, and
mastering: a test of the model of goal-directed behavior (MGB) in the software
learning domain, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 34(9): 1945-1973.
MacKay, K.& Fesenmaier, D., (1998), A process approach to segmenting the
gateway travel market, Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 7(3): 1-39.
McKercher, B.& Cros, H., (2003), Testing a cultural tourism typology, The
International Journal of Tourism Research, 5(1), pp.45.
Meng, F., Tepanon, Y. & Uysal, M. (2008). Measuring tourist satisfaction by
attribute and motivation: The case of a nature-based resort, Journal of Vacation
Marketing,14(1): 41-56.
Moutinho, L. (1987). Consumer behavior in tourism, Journal of Marketing,
21(10): 1–44.
Perugini, M., & Bagozzi, R.P., (2004), The distinction between desires and
intentions, European Journal of Social Psychology, 34: 69-84.
Prestwich, A., Perugini, M. and Hurling, R. (2008), Goal desires moderate
intention behavior relations, British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(1): 49-71.
Rezaei, S. (2015), Segmenting consumer decision-making styles (CDMS)
toward marketing practice: A partial least squares (PLS) path modeling
approach, Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 22: 1–15.
Rinschede G. (1992), Form of religious tourism, Annals of Tourism
Research, 19: 51-67.
Rinschede, G. (1988), The Pilgrimage Center of Fatima/Portugal. In
Geographia Religionum, Band 4, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer Verlag. 65-98
Russell, P. (1999), Religious travel in the new millennium, Travel & Tourism
Analyst, 5: 39–68.
Sharpley, R. & Sundaram, P. (2005), Tourism: a sacred journey? The case of
ashram tourism, India. International Journal of Tourism Research, 7(3): 161-
172.
Smith, V. ( 1992), Introduction: The quest in guest, Annals of Tourism
Research, 19(1): 1-17.
Song, H. J., Lee, C.K., Kang, S.K. and Boo, S.J. (2012), The effect of
environmentally friendly perceptions on festival visitors’ decision-making
process using an extended model of goaldirected behavior, Tourism
Management, 33(6): 1417-1428.
Song H., You G., Reisinger Y., Lee C., Lee S. (2014), Behavioral intention
of visitors to an Oriental medicine festival: An extended model of goal directed
behavior, Tourism Management, 42: 101-113.
Sood, J. and Nasu, Y. (1995), Religiosity and nationality, an exploratory
study of their effect on consumer behavior in Japan and the United States.
Journal of Business Research, 34(1): 19.
Timothy D. J. & Olsen D. H., (2006), Tourism, religion and spiritual
Journeys, United Kingdom: Routledge, pp. 186-201.
Turner, V. (1973). The centre out there: Pilgrim’s goal, History of
123
Religions,12: 191-230.
Um, S., & Crompton, J. L. (1990). Attitude determinants in tourism
destination choice, Annals of Tourism Research, 17: 432–448.
Uysal, M. and Jurowski, C., (1994), Testing the Push and Pull Factors,
Annals of Tourism research, 21(4): 844-846.
Wright, K. (2009), The New Era of Faith Tourism. Presentation at the Arabian
Travel Market May 2009. Dubai, UAE. Retrieved from:http://www.slideshare.net/
WRTA/arabian-travel-marketkevin-j-wrightdubai
Wu C.-W. (2015), Foreign tourists' intentions in visiting leisure farms,
Journal of Business Research, 68 : 757–762.
Vijayanand S. (2012), Pilgrimage tourism management issues and
challenges with refrence to Tamil Nadu, Asian Journal of Multidimensional
Research, 1(2).
Vvukonic, B. (1996), Tourism and religion. New York: Pergamon.
Zamani-Farahani, H., Musa, G. (2012), The relationship between Islamic
religiosity and residents’ perceptionsof socio-cultural impacts of tourism in Iran:
Case studies of Sare’in and Masooleh, Tourism Management, 33: 802-814
)