Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

Abstract

Global warming caused by excessive consumption of fossil fuels and carbon
dioxide emissions is becoming the most important environmental issue in the
world. Tourism industry causes 5% of total carbon dioxide and 14% of total
green house of the world. Energy consumption in tourism is in direct relation
with tourists behaviors. To succeed in changing unsustainable behavior and
reinforce sustainable behavior should be aware of the factors affecting it. This
study explores the factors affecting the tourists’ intentions to conduct lowcarbon
behaviors from a Protection Motivation theory perspective. Population
of the study consists of Tehran citizens of district 1, which are selected by multi
Stage Cluster Sampling. A questionnaire was used to collecte data. For
analyzing collected data, structural equation modeling was used. Findings show
that variables of tourists “Perceived vulnerability”, “Perceived response
efficacy” and “Perceives self-efficacy” have the most effect on their low carbon
behavioral intention respectively

Keywords

جوزی، فاطمه. هاشمی فرد، طاهره. مروتی شریف‌آباد، محمدعلی. بشیر، زینب( 1392)، شناسایی برخی عوامل مرتبط با انجام آزمون غربالگری پاپ اسمیر براساس نظریه انگیزش محافظت در بین زنان 15-49 سال، مجله دانشکده پرستاری و مامایی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران،19، 29-40.
شریفی‌راد، غلامرضا، یارمحمدی، پرستو، مروتی شریف‌آباد، محمدعلی، رهایی، زهره،(1390) بررسی وضعیت رفتارهای پیشگیری‌کننده از ابتلا و گسترش آنفلوانزای نوع  Aبر اساس تئوری انگیزش محافظت در دانش ‌آموزان دختر دبیرستانی شهر اصفهان.‎ تحقیقات نظام سلامت. 1(7)، 117-108.
مروتی شریف‌آباد، محمدعلی، مومنی سروستانی، مرضیه، برخورداری فیروزآبادی، ابوالفضل، فلاح زاده، حسین، (1390) پاداش درک ‌شده رانندگی غیر ایمن و هزینه درک ‌شده رانندگی ایمن به‌عنوان تعیین ‌کننده‌های وضعیت رانندگی مردم شهر یزد - کاربردی از تئوری انگیزش محافظت. تحقیقات نظام سلامت. 4(7).
محمدزاده اصل، نازی، امام وردی، قدرت‌الله، سریرافراز، مسعود، بررسی مقایسه‌ای شاخص‌های رفاه اجتماعی خانوارها در مناطق 22گانه شهر تهران.(1389).گروه پژوهشی آمارهای اقتصادی پژوهشکده آمار.
نیک‌پور، زهرا (1388).شناسایی و تحلیل عوامل مؤثر بر تقاضای گردشگری در منطقه مبدأ گردشگری مطالعه موردی: مناطق شهر تهران. پایان‌نامه کارشناسی ارشد چاپ‌نشده، دانشگاه علامه طباطبایی، ایران.
ابتکار، معصومه[weblog]، آذر 1394. . [on line]
<http://ebtekarm.persianblog.ir>06/10/1394
Bai, Y., & Liu, Y. (2013). An exploration of residents’ low-carbon awareness and behavior in Tianjin, China. Energy policy61, 1261-1270.
Bandura, A. (1994). Selfefficacy. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Becken, S., & Patterson, M. (2006). Measuring national carbon dioxide emissions from tourism as a key step towards achieving sustainable tourism. Journal of Sustainable Tourism14(4), 323-338.
Ceron, J.P. and G. Dubois (2003). Tourisme et changement climatique une relation à double sens. Le cas de la France. 1st International Conference on Climate Change and Tourism., Djerba, Tunisia, WTO.
Chiesa, T., Gautam, A. (2010). Towards a low carbon travel & tourism sector. In World Economic Forum.
Cismaru, M., Cismaru, R., Ono, T., & Nelson, K. (2011). Act on Climate Change: An Application of Protection Motivation Theory. Social Marketing Quarterly, 17(3), 62-84.
Cooper, C., Fletcher, J., Gilbert, D., Shepherd, R., & Wanhill, S. (1998). Tourismprinciples and practices (2nd Ed.). London: Longman.
Dubois, G. and Paul, J. (2006), Tourism and climate change: Proposals for a research agenda, from www.tandfonline.com, (Oct/7/2013).
Floyd, D. L., Prentice-Dunn, S., & Rogers, R. W. (2000). A meta-analysis of research on protection motivation theory. Journal of applied social psychology, 30(2), 407-429.
Grothman, Torsten, and Reusswing. (2006). People at Risk of Flooding: Why Some Residents Take Precautionary Action While Others do not. Natural Hazards: 101–120.
Grothmann, T., & Patt, A. (2005). Adaptive capacity and human cognition: the process of individual adaptation to climate change. Global Environmental Change15(3), 199-213.
Horng, J. S., Hu, M. L. M., Teng, C. C. C., & Lin, L. (2014). Energy saving and carbon reduction behaviors in tourism–a perception study of Asian visitors from a protection motivation theory perspective. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research19(6), 721-735.
International Energy Agency. (2015). Co2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion Highlights. Paris: OECD/IEA.
IPCC. (2007). Climate Change 2007: Mitigation of Climate Change, Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Juvan, E., & Dolnicar, S. (2014). Can tourists easily choose a low carbon footprint vacation? Journal of Sustainable Tourism22(2), 175-194.
Karmakar, M. (2013). Predicting adherence to aromatase inhibitor therapy in patients with breast cancer using protection motivation theory (Doctoral dissertation, University of Toledo).
Liu, X. (2009). On the Low-carbon economy and Low-carbon Tourism. China’s Collective Economy. (13), 154-155.
Mayor, K., & Tol, R. S. (2010). Scenarios of carbon dioxide emissions from aviation. Global Environmental Change20(1), 65-73.
Milne, S., Sheeran, P., & Orbell, S. (2000). Prediction and intervention in health‐related behavior: A meta‐analytic review of protection motivation theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology30(1), 106-143.
Osberghaus, D., Finkel, E., & Pohl, M. (2010). Individual adaptation to climate change: the role of information and perceived risk. ZEW-Centre for European Economic Research Discussion Paper,10-061.Retrived from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1674840
Peeters, P. And Dubois, G. (2010). Tourism travel under climate change mitigation constraints. Journal of Transport Geography, 18(3). 447-457.
Plotnikoff, R. C., & Higginbotham, N. (2002). Protection motivation theory and exercise behavior change for the prevention of heart disease in a high-risk, Australian representative community sample of adults. Psychology, health & medicine7(1), 87-98.
Ralph, A. F., Ager, B., Bell, M. L., Collins, I. M., Andrews, L., Tucker, K., Butow, P. (2014). Women's preferences for selective estrogen reuptake modulators: an investigation using protection motivation theory. Patient education and counseling96(1), 106-112.
Rogers, R. W. (1983). Cognitive and physiological processes in fear appeals and attitude change: A revised theory of protection motivation. Social psychophysiology, 153-176.
Salleh, N., Hussein, R., Mohamed, N., Karim, N. S. A., Ahlan, A. R., & Aditiawarman, U. (2012). Examining Information Disclosure Behavior on Social Network Sites Using Protection Motivation Theory, Trust and Risk. Journal of Internet Social Networking & Virtual Communities,1.1-11.
Scott, D., Amelung, B., Becken, S., Ceron, J. P., Dubois, G., Gössling, S., Simpson, M. (2008). Climate change and tourism: Responding to global challenges. World Tourism Organization, Madrid, 230.
Sherer, M., Maddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Prentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R.W. (1982). The Self-Efficacy Scale: Construction and validation. Psychological Reports, 51, 663–671.
Simpson, M.C., Gossling, S., Scott, D., Hall, C.M., & Gladin, E. (2008). Climate change adaptation and mitigation in the tourism sector: Frameworks, tools and practices. Paris, France: UNEP, University of Oxford, UNWTO, WMO.
Steiger, R. (2011). The impact of snow scarcity on ski tourism: an analysis of the record warm season 2006/2007 in Tyrol (Austria). Tourism Review, 66(3), 4-13.
Strasdas, W. (2010). Carbon Management in Tourism–A smart strategy in response to climate change. In Trends and Issues in Global Tourism 2010(pp. 57-69). Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
UNWTO, UNEP, WMO (2008) Climate change and tourism: Responding to global challenges. Madrid: UNWTO.
UNWTO. (2007). Davos declaration: Climate change and tourism – responding to global challenges. Madrid: UNWTO.
UNWTO. (2008). Tourism market trends. World overview. Madrid: UNWTO.
Yoon, E. (2007). Food defense management plan implementation intention: An application of protection motivation theory.(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Kansas State University, USA.