Tourism Management Studies

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Publication Ethics

Memorandum of Understanding

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

News

Article Writing Guide

Fails

Publons

This letter of scientific publications

Methodology for evaluation of scientific publications

آیین نامه اجرایی قانون پیگیری و مقابله با تقلب در تهیه آثار علمی

Analyzing the factors affecting the promotion of hunting tourism based on shooting

Document Type : Research Paper

Authors

1 PhD of Sport Management, Faculty of sport sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Mazandaran, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

3 Professor, Department of Sports Management, Faculty of Physical Education, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran

4 Assistant Professor of Industrial Engineering and Future Studies, Faculty of Modern Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

The aim of this research is to explore the influential factors contributing to the enhancement of hunting tourism based on shooting. This study is applied in nature, based on an interpretive paradigm, and follows a mixed-methods approach (semi-exploratory qualitative and descriptive-analytical quantitative). It is forward-looking and conducted through a survey method. The participants were experts in tourism and shooting sports, selected using theoretical and snowball sampling. The saturation point was reached after 32 interviews. PESTEL environmental analysis was employed to identify the key factors. A comprehensive literature review was initially conducted, followed by using the Delphi technique in three rounds. In total, 27 key factors were identified and agreed upon by the Delphi panel. The findings not only enrich the literature but also provide a basis for developing policies and operational plans in hunting tourism, contributing to the growth of the tourism industry in Iran.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References
  1. Alizadeh, R., Lund, P. D., Beynaghi, A., Abolghasemi, M., & Maknoon, R. (2016). An integrated scenario-based robust planning approach for foresight and strategic management with application to energy industry. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 104, 162-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2015.11.030
  2. Bardecki, M. J. (1984). Participants' response to the Delphi method: An attitudinal perspective. Technological Forecasting and social change, 25(3), 281-292. https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-1625(84)90006-4
  3. Barrios-Garcia, M. N., & Ballari, S. A. (2012). Impact of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in its introduced and native range: A review. Biological invasions, 14, 2283-2300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10530-012-0229-6
  4. Belton, I., MacDonald, A., Wright, G., & Hamlin, I. (2019). Improving the practical application of the Delphi method in group-based judgment: A six-step prescription for a well-founded and defensible process. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 147, 72-82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2019.07.002
  5. Ben Hassen, T. (2024). A study on Lebanon’s competitive knowledge-based economy, relative strengths, and shortcomings. Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 15, 1-28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-023-01644-8
  6. Bogner, A., Littig, B., & Menz, W. (2014). Interviews mit Experten: Eine praxisorientierte Einführung. Springer-Verlag. 49-83. https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=AOIiBAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=Bogner
  7. Buchholz, F., Oppermann, L., & Prinz, W. (2022). There’s more than one metaverse. i-com, 21(3), 313-324. https://doi.org/10.1515/icom-2022-0034
  8. Călina, A., Călina, J., Msiluț, M., & Ion, S. T. A. N. (2018). Research on the practice of rural tourism specialized in sport and image hunting in Cergău area, Romania. AgroLife Scientific Journal, 7(1). http://agrolifejournal.usamv.ro/index.php/agrolife/article/view/210
  9. Carpio, A. J., Apollonio, M., & Acevedo, P. (2021). Wild ungulate overabundance in Europe: Contexts, causes, monitoring and management recommendations. Mammal Review, 51(1), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1111/mam.12221
  10. Chu, H. C., & Hwang, G. J. (2008). A Delphi-based approach to developing expert systems with the cooperation of multiple experts. Expert Systems with Applications, 34(4), 2826-2840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eswa.2007.05.034
  11. Cohen, S. A., Prayag, G., & Moital, M. (2014). Consumer behaviour in tourism: Concepts, influences and opportunities. Current Issues in Tourism, 17(10), 872-909. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.850064
  12. Cohen, E. (2014). Recreational hunting: Ethics, experiences and commoditization. Tourism Recreation Research, 39(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1080/02508281.2014.11081323
  13. Daumas, L. (2024). Financial stability, stranded assets and the low‐carbon transition–A critical review of the theoretical and applied literatures. Journal of Economic Surveys, 38(3), 601-716. https://doi.org/10.1111/joes.12551
  14. Daud, A., Satmoko, N. D., Akhmad, N., Harsono, I., & Masri, F. A. (2024). sport tourism as a strategy for Indonesian tourism development in the 2023 FIBA World Cup Event. Innovative: Journal of Social Science Research, 4(1), 7641-7649. https://doi.org/10.31004/innovative.v4i1.8753
  15. De Mendoza, J. H., Parra, A., Tato, A., Alonso, J. M., Rey, J. M., Peña, J., ... & De Mendoza, M. H. (2006). Bovine tuberculosis in wild boar (Sus scrofa), red deer (Cervus elaphus) and cattle (Bos taurus) in a Mediterranean ecosystem (1992–2004). Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 74(2-3), 239-247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2005.10.005
  16. Di Minin, E., Clements, H. S., Correia, R. A., Cortes-Capano, G., Fink, C., Haukka, A., ... & Bradshaw, C. J. (2021). Consequences of recreational hunting for biodiversity conservation and livelihoods. One Earth, 4(2), 238-253. https://www.cell.com/one-earth/pdf/S2590-3322(21)00060-9.pdf
  17. Di Zio, S., Bolzan, M., & Marozzi, M. (2021). Classification of Delphi outputs through robust ranking and fuzzy clustering for Delphi-based scenarios. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 173, 121140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121140
  18. Dwivedi, Y. K., Pandey, N., Currie, W., & Micu, A. (2024). Leveraging ChatGPT and other generative artificial intelligence (AI)-based applications in the hospitality and tourism industry: Practices, challenges and research agenda. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 36(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-05-2023-0686
  19. Farley, C. L. (2005). Midwifery’s research heritage: A Delphi survey of midwife scholars. Journal of midwifery & women's health, 50(2), 122-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmwh.2004.11.004
  20. Fedaravičius, A., Pilkauskas, K., Slizys, E., & Survila, A. (2020). Research and development of training pistols for laser shooting simulation system. Defence Technology, 16(3), 530-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dt.2019.06.018
  21. Flø, B. E. (2008). Bygdedyret og elgen–ei stiavhengig analyse av næringsutvikling i elgskogen. In S. E. Skar (Ed), Den nye bygda, 371-389. https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Fl%C3%B8%2C+B.+E.+%282008%29
  22. Florin, T. I., Tabita, A., Cornelia, P., Carmen, D., Anda, M., Iuliana, M., ... & Ioan, P. (2018). The role of hunting tourism in preserving the sustainability of fauna habitats. Journal of Biotechnology, 280, 105-110 1016/j.jbiotec.2018.06.150
  23. Gačić, D. P., Prentović, R., Pilipović, V., & Ostojić, M. (2015). Hunting tourism and safety aspects of hunting fauna use in Serbia. Glasnik Sumarskog fakulteta, (suppl.), 45-54. https://doi.org/10.2298/GSF15S1045G
  24. Galvão, A., Mascarenhas, C., Gouveia Rodrigues, R., Marques, C. S., & Leal, C. T. (2017). A quadruple helix model of entrepreneurship, innovation and stages of economic development. Review of International Business and Strategy, 27(2), 261-282. https://doi.org/10.1108/RIBS-01-2017-0003
  25. Ghasemi, M., González-García, A., Charrahy, Z., & Serrao-Neumann, S. (2024). Utilizing supply-demand bundles in nature-based recreation offers insights into specific strategies for sustainable tourism management. Science of The Total Environment, 171185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171185
  26. Gomes, S., Lopes, J. M., & Ferreira, L. (2024). Looking at the tourism industry through the lenses of industry 4.0: a bibliometric review of concerns and challenges. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 7(1), 436-457.
  27. Gortázar, C., Acevedo, P., Ruiz-Fons, F., & Vicente, J. (2006). Disease risks and overabundance of game species. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 52, 81-87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-005-0022-2
  28. Gortázar, C., & Fernandez-de-Simon, J. (2022). One tool in the box: The role of hunters in mitigating the damages associated to abundant wildlife. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 68(3), 28. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-022-01578-7
  29. Graitson, E., Barbraud, C., & Bonnet, X. (2019). Catastrophic impact of wild boars: insufficient hunting pressure pushes snakes to the brink. Animal Conservation, 22(2), 165-176. https://doi.org/10.1111/acv.12447
  30. Green, B., Jones, M., Hughes, D., & Williams, A. (1999). Applying the Delphi technique in a study of GPs’ information requirements. Health & Social Care in the Community, 7(3), 198-205. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2524.1999.00176.x
  31. Green, B. C., & Jones, I. (2005). Serious leisure, social identity and sport tourism. Sport in Society, 8(2), 164-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/174304305001102010
  32. Hasson, F., Keeney, S., & McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 32(4), 1008-1015. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2000.t01-1-01567.x
  33. Haukeland, J. V., Fredman, P., Tyrväinen, L., Siegrist, D., & Lindberg, K. (2023). Prospects for nature-based tourism: identifying trends with commercial potential. Journal of Ecotourism, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2023.2178444
  34. Heffelfinger, J. R., Geist, V., & Wishart, W. (2013). The role of hunting in North American wildlife conservation. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 70(3), 399-413. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2013.800383
  35. Hrybovskyy, R., Zanevskyy, I., & Hrybovskyy, V. (2015). Modeling of skeet shooting technique with using of simulation exercises. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(3), 603. https://efsupit.ro/images/stories/nr3.2015/66.%20HRYBOVSKYY.pdf
  36. Komppula, R., & Gartner, W. C. (2013). Hunting as a travel experience: An auto-ethnographic study of hunting tourism in Finland and the USA. Tourism Management, 35, 168-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2012.06.014
  37. Kubayevich, K. F. (2024). Current analysis and current issues of ensuring the financial stability of the banking system in Uzbekistan. European Journal of Business Startups and Open Society, 4(3), 169-176. http://inovatus.es/index.php/ejbsos/article/view/2681
  38. Landeta, J. (2006). Current validity of the Delphi method in social sciences. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 73(5), 467-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2005.09.002
  39. Leung, L. (2015). Validity, reliability, and generalizability in qualitative research. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 4(3), 324. DOI: 10.4103/2249-4863.161306
  40. Leydesdorff, L. (2012). The triple helix, quadruple helix, and an N-tuple of helices: explanatory models for analyzing the knowledge-based economy? Journal of the Knowledge Economy, 3, 25-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13132-011-0049-4
  41. Lombard, M., Snyder‐Duch, J., & Bracken, C. C. (2002). Content analysis in mass communication: Assessment and reporting of intercoder reliability. Human Communication Research, 28(4), 587-604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00826.x
  42. Lovelock, B. (2007). An introduction to consumptive wildlife tourism. In B. Lovelock & K. Lovelock (Eds.), Tourism and the Consumption of Wildlife (pp. 25-52). Routledge. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203934326-10
  43. MacKay, K. J., & Campbell, J. M. (2004). An examination of residents’ support for hunting as a tourism product. Tourism Management, 25(4), 443-452. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(03)00127-4
  44. Mallen, C., Adams, L., Stevens, J., & Thompson, L. (2010). Environmental sustainability in sport facility management: A Delphi study. European Sport Management Quarterly, 10(3), 367-389. https://doi.org/10.1080/16184741003774521
  45. Mandić, A., & McCool, S. F. (2023). A critical review and assessment of the last 15 years of experience design research in a nature-based tourism context. Journal of Ecotourism, 22(1), 208-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2022.2099877
  46. Marchand, P., Garel, M., Bourgoin, G., Dubray, D., Maillard, D., & Loison, A. (2014). Impacts of tourism and hunting on a large herbivore’s spatio-temporal behavior in and around a French protected area. Biological Conservation, 177, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2014.05.022
  47. Mataruna-Dos-Santos, L. J., Zardini-Filho, C. E., & Cazorla Milla, A. (2019). Youth Olympic Games: Using marketing tools to analyse the reality of GCC countries beyond Agenda 2020. https://rua.ua.es/dspace/handle/10045/93434
  48. Matilainen, A. (2007). Sustainable hunting tourism–business opportunity in northern areas. Overview of hunting and hunting tourism in four Northern Countries: Finland, Sweden, Iceland and Canada. Helsinki: University of Helsinki. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/132488763.pdf
  49. Matolić, T., Jurakić, D., Podnar, H., Radman, I., & Pedišić, Ž. (2023). Promotion of health-enhancing physical activity in the sport sector: A study among representatives of 536 sports organisations from 36 European countries. BMC public health, 23(1), 750. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15589-9
  50. Merkel, S., Schmidt, S. L., & Schreyer, D. (2016). The future of professional football: A Delphi-based perspective of German experts on probable versus surprising scenarios. Sport, Business and Management: An International Journal. 6 (3). 295 – 319. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBM-10-2014-0043
  51. Mbaiwa, J. E. (2018). Effects of the safari hunting tourism ban on rural livelihoods and wildlife conservation in Northern Botswana. South African Geographical Journal= Suid-Afrikaanse Geografiese Tydskrif, 100(1), 41-61. https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC-c70f54aaa
  52. McAdam, M., Miller, K., & McAdam, R. (2018). Understanding Quadruple Helix relationships of university technology commercialisation: A micro-level approach. Studies in Higher Education, 43(6), 1058-1073. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2016.1212328
  53. Milojica, V., Drpic, D., & Nakovski, D. (2014). Developing hunting tourism–A new perspective of achieving competitiveness of rural Croatia. Economy of Eastern Croatia Yesterday, Today, Tommorow, 3, 107-121. https://ideas.repec.org/a/osi/eecytt/v3y2014p107-121.html
  54. Moorhouse, T. P., Dahlsjö, C. A., Baker, S. E., D'Cruze, N. C., & Macdonald, D. W. (2015). The customer isn't always right—conservation and animal welfare implications of the increasing demand for wildlife tourism. PLOS ONE, 10(10), e0138939. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0138939
  55. Morris, S. P. (2014). The sport status of hunting. International Journal of Applied Philosophy, 28(2), 391–407. https://doi.org/10.5840/ijap2014111827
  56. Moiseeva, O., Filippova, O., & Moiseev, E. (2021). Popularization of shooting sports as a means of introducing young people to a healthy lifestyle. In E3S Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences, 291, 05023. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129105023
  57. Naidoo, R., Weaver, L. C., Diggle, R. W., Matongo, G., Stuart‐Hill, G., & Thouless, C. (2016). Complementary benefits of tourism and hunting to communal conservancies in Namibia. Conservation Biology, 30(3), 628-638. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12643
  58. Okoli, C., & Pawlowski, S. D. (2004). The Delphi method as a research tool: an example, design considerations and applications. Information & Management, 42(1), 15-29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2003.11.002
  59. Øian, H. (2013). Wilderness tourism and the moralities of commitment: Hunting and angling as modes of engaging with the natures and animals of rural landscapes in Norway. Journal of Rural Studies, 32, 177-185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2013.05.004
  60. Øian, H., & Skogen, K. (2016). Property and possession: Hunting tourism and the morality of landownership in rural Norway. Society & Natural Resources, 29(1), 104-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2015.1041658
  61. Park, J. W., Greenspan, B., Tabb, T., Gallo, E., & Danielescu, A. (2023). 3D Printed energy return elements for upper limb sports prosthetics. Prosthesis, 5(1), 13-34. https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis5010002
  62. Pérez-González, J., Hidalgo-de-Trucios, S. J., Sánchez-García, C., & Rengifo Gallego, J. I. (2023). Women in the Hunt: A More Useful and Sustainable Hunt for Biodiversity? Sustainability, 15(9), 7439. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15097439
  63. Räikkönen, J., Grénman, M., Rouhiainen, H., Honkanen, A., & Sääksjärvi, I. E. (2023). Conceptualizing nature-based science tourism: a case study of Seili Island, Finland. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(5), 1214-1232. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1948553
  64. Razavi, S. M. H., Amani, A., Firouzabadi, A. G., & Honarvar, A. (2018). Investigating and explaining the consequences of implementing privatization in Iran's sport. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 18, 536-540. https://efsupit.ro/images/stories/1aprilie2018/art%2077.pdf
  65. Rizzolo, J. B. (2023). Wildlife tourism and consumption. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 31(5), 1181-1194. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2021.1957903
  66. Rodríguez-Seijo, A., Lago-Vila, M., Andrade, M. L., & Vega, F. A. (2016). Pb pollution in soils from a trap shooting range and the phytoremediation ability of Agrostis capillaris L. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 1312-1323. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5340-7
  67. Rosani, R., Iqbal, I., & Purwanti, D. (2021). Analisis PESTEL Pada Lazismu Kalimantan Barat. Qusqazah, 2(2), 29-37. https://e-journal.iainptk.ac.id/index.php/qusqazah/article/view/304/134
  68. Rowe, G., & Wright, G. (1999). The Delphi technique as a forecasting tool: Issues and analysis. International Journal of Forecasting, 15(4), 353-375. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-2070(99)00018-7
  69. Sáenz-de-Santa-María, A., & Tellería, J. L. (2015). Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Spain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 61, 399-406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-015-0907-7
  70. Samuelsson, E., & Stage, J. (2007). The size and distribution of the economic impacts of Namibian hunting tourism. South African Journal of Wildlife Research-24-month Delayed Open Access, 37(1), 41-52. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2020.1759305
  71. Sánchez-García, C., Urda, V., Lambarri, M., Prieto, I., Andueza, A., & Villanueva, L. F. (2021). Evaluation of the economics of sport hunting in Spain through regional surveys. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 78(3), 517-531. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2020.1759305
  72. Sanders, H. N., Hewitt, D. G., Perotto-Baldivieso, H. L., VerCauteren, K. C., & Snow, N. P. (2020). Invasive wild pigs as primary nest predators for wild turkeys. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 2625. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-59543-w
  73. Swart, K., Tichaawa, T. M., Othy, J. D. O., & Daniels, T. (2018). Stakeholder perspectives of sport tourism development in Gabon: A case study of the Africa Cup of Nations. EuroEconomica, 37(2), 177-189. https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=728429
  74. Tickle, L., & von Essen, E. (2020). The seven sins of hunting tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 84, 102996. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102996
  75. Tsujimoto, M., Kajikawa, Y., Tomita, J., & Matsumoto, Y. (2018). A review of the ecosystem concept—towards coherent ecosystem design. Technological Forecasting and Social Cchange, 136, 49-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2017.06.032
  76. Yang, M., Zhou, H., Li, Y., & Zhang, J. (2023). Efficiency evaluation and influencing factors of sports industry and tourism industry convergence based on China’s provincial data. Sustainability, 15(6), 5408. https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/15/6/5408
  77. Wang, X., Kim, J., Kim, J., & Koh, Y. (2024). Application of natural-resource-based view to nature-based tourism destinations. Sustainability, 16(6), 2375. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16062375
  78. Windle, P. E. (2004). Delphi technique: Assessing component needs. Journal of Perianesthesia Nursing, 19(1), 46-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jopan.2003.11.005
  79. Zub, I. (2020). Shooting sports as the means of professional-applied physical training at Maritime University. In BIO Web of Conferences 26, 00043. EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20202600043
  80. Firozjaeian, A. A., Sharify Moghadam, P., & Sharify Moghadam, R. (2019). Hunting tourism: Analysis of hunting transformations from need to hunting tourism and hunting criminalization. Journal of Tourism Planning and Development, 7(27), 146-166. 22080/jtpd.2019.2214 [In Persian]
  81. Ghazani, E., Bijani, M., & Chizari, M. (2018). Analysis of the effects of social capital on the prosperity of natural tourism in target villages of Mazandaran province. Quarterly Journal of Spatial Economics and Rural Development, 7(26), 211-234. http://serd.khu.ac.ir/article-3220-1-fa.html [In Persian]
  82. Ghanbari, Z., & Toulabi, T. (2020). Hunting by Qajar aristocracy and its environmental consequences. Journal of History and Culture, 52(1), 140-115. 22067/jhistory.2021.69122.1021[In Persian]
  83. Ghorbannia, V., Mirsanjari, M. M., Liaghati, H., & Armin, M. (2019). The Study of the potential of ecotourism development in Dena County using AHP-OWA decision-making Strategy. Tourism Management Studies, 14(45), 105-137. https://doi.org/10.22054/tms.2019.24081.1691[In Persian]
  84. Parhoodeh, F., Erfani, N., & Parhoodeh, F. (2022). A reflection on the qualitative research approach with emphasis on validity and reliability. Pouyesh in Humanities Education, 8(28), 19-44. https://humanities.cfu.ac.ir/article_2351.html[In Persian]
  85. Pashaei, S., Askarian, F., Rozafzon, A. (2019). Investigating the mediating role of institutional factors in the impact of social, economic, and environmental factors on development of sports tourism in the Maku Free Zone (Iran). Tourism Management Studies, 14(45), 57-80. https://doi.org/10.22054/tms.2019.20248.1561[In Persian]
  86. Pourzabih Sarhamami, K., Dousti, M., & Razavi, S. M. H. (2021). Investigating the opportunities and management challenges of outsourcing to the private sector in government sports organizations. Contemporary Studies On Sport Management, 11(21), 67-86. doi: 10.22084/smms.2021.21020.2523[In Persian]
  87. Pourzabih Sarhamami, K., Dousti, M., & Razavi, S. M. H. (2023). Identifying Economic Components Affecting Iran's Outsourcing of Sport. Sport Management Journal, 15(3), 55-35. doi: 10.22059/jsm.2020.283603.2290[In Persian]
  88. Shahgholian Ghahfarokhi, R. (2017). Identifying and investigating effective factors increasing students’ shooting skill in a Military University. Defensive Researches and Management, 16(85), 83-116. https://mdr.ihu.ac.ir/article_204647.html[In Persian]
Tourism Management Studies
Volume 20, Issue 70
July 2025
Pages 171-216
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics