Tourism Management Studies

Current Issue

By Issue

By Author

By Subject

Author Index

Keyword Index

About Journal

Aims and Scope

Publication Ethics

Memorandum of Understanding

Indexing and Abstracting

Related Links

FAQ

Peer Review Process

Journal Metrics

News

Article Writing Guide

Fails

Consultants

Consultants

Consultants

Consultants

Consultants

Consultants

Publons

This letter of scientific publications

Methodology for evaluation of scientific publications

آیین نامه اجرایی قانون پیگیری و مقابله با تقلب در تهیه آثار علمی

Tourism and National–Ethnic Identities: A Bibliometric Analysis

Document Type : Research Paper

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Tourism and Hospitality Management, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

Abstract

Tourism can both strengthen and undermine national–ethnic identities on the one hand, but on the other hand it can lead to their gradual disappearance. National–ethnic identities also pose a challenge to the rapid homogenization of cultures caused by globalization. In spite of more than five decades of research on tourism and national–ethnic identity, there is a research gap given the lack of a comprehensive review of the literature. In this respect, the present study aimed to conduct a quantitative literature review using bibliometric analysis. In order to understand the social and conceptual structure of the research field, the study used VOSviewer_1.6.18 software to carry out performance analysis and science mapping of 383 documents indexed in the Scopus database. The findings indicate that in the last decade, heritage tourism (particularly among diaspora and immigrants), the representation of outbound tourists’ national–ethnic identity, and the representation of destinations’ national–ethnic identity through tourism were among the most popular research topics worthy of further consideration in future studies.
 
Introduction
Tourism can leave dual effects on national –ethnic identities. Not only can it strengthen the collective national–ethnic identities, but also  as one of the drivers of cultural globalization, it can accelerate the disappearance of such identities. In addition, national–ethnic identity poses an obstacle to the rapid cultural homogenization caused by globalization. In spite of more than five decades of research on tourism and national–ethnic identity, there is a research gap given the lack of a comprehensive and systematic review of the literature. To address this gap, the present study aimed to conduct a quantitative literature review using bibliometric analysis.
 
Materials and Methods
The statistical population of the study consisted of documents in the field of national–ethnic identity and tourism that were indexed in the Scopus database. A systematic search in the Scopus database on December 23, 2021, resulted in 338 records, including journal articles, book chapters, and conference papers with national identity or ethnic identity and tourism in their title, abstract, or keywords. Performance analysis and science mapping using VOSviewer_1.6.18 software were conducted in order to identify the most influential documents, authors, sources, institutions, and countries, and also to understand the social and conceptual structure of the research field.
 
Results and Discussion
The results showed that research on national–ethnic identity and tourism has significantly increased since 1976, with the most of articles published in 2021. The most influential documents, in order of their normalized citations, were‏ Packer et al. (2019), Park (2010), Wang et al. (2021), and Zhang et al. (2018). The US, the UK, and Australia had the highest number of documents and citations. The most influential authors, in order of their normalized citations, were morais d.b., smith a., bhandari k., and palmer c. Performance analysis also revealed the most influential sources and institutions. Citation analysis could identify the relationships among the most influential publications, and co-authorship analysis revealed the social structure of the research field based on interactions among authors, institutions, and countries. Moreover, co-word analysis revealed the following three clusters: heritage tourism and national identity, ethnic identity, and immigration and cultural identity, which were  categorized according to their themes.
 
Conclusion
The findings showed that the last decade has witnessed an increase in the research on heritage tourism among diaspora and immigrants. Additionally, the representation of outbound tourists’ national–ethnic identity and the representation of destinations’ national–ethnic identity through tourism were among the most popular research topics worthy of further consideration in future studies.

Keywords

References
  1. Abdollahi, Alireza; Rejeb, Karim; Rejeb, Abderahman; Mostafa, Mohamed M.; & Zailani, Suhaiza. (2021). Wireless Sensor Networks in Agriculture: Insights from Bibliometric Analysis. Sustainability, 13(21).
  2. Aria, Massimo; Misuraca, Michelangelo; & Spano, Maria. (2020). Mapping the Evolution of Social Research and Data Science on 30 Years of Social Indicators Research. Social Indicators Research, 149(3), 803-831.
  3. Bhandari, Kalyan. (2016). Imagining the Scottish nation: tourism and homeland nationalism in Scotland. Current Issues in Tourism, 19(9), 913-929.
  4. Bhandari, Kalyan. (2022). Tourism and commercial nationalism. Annals of Tourism Research, 95, 103443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2022.103443
  5. Bonarou, Christina. (2021). The poetics of travel through unravelling visual representations on postcards: A critical semiotics analysis. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing, 7(1), 44-53.
  6. Donthu, Naveen; Kumar, Satish; Mukherjee, Debmalya; Pandey, Nitesh; & Lim, Weng Marc. (2021). How to conduct a bibliometric analysis: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 133, 285-296.
  7. Emich, Kyle J.; Kumar, Satish; Lu, Li; Norder, Kurt; & Pandey, Nitesh. (2020). Mapping 50 Years of Small Group Research Through Small Group Research. Small Group Research, 51(6), 659-699.
  8. Esman, Marjorie R. (1984). Tourism as ethnic preservation: The Cajuns of Louisiana. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(3), 451-467.
  9. Fayzullaev, Kamoliddin; Cassel, Susanna Heldt; & Brandt, Daniel. (2021). Destination image in Uzbekistan – heritage of the Silk Road and nature experience as the core of an evolving Post Soviet identity. The Service Industries Journal, 41(7-8), 446-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/02642069.2018.1519551
  10. Gholamian, Aram; Maleki, Fatemeh; & Rezaii, Ahmad. (2021). Are they the “other”? The ethno-nationalism experiences of Iranian Kurdish ethnic tourists. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 19(5), 587-605.
  11. Gieling, Joost; & Ong, Chin-Ee. (2016). Warfare tourism experiences and national identity: The case of Airborne Museum “Hartenstein” in Oosterbeek, the Netherlands. Tourism Management, 57, 45-55.
  12. Gospodini, Aspa. (2004). Urban morphology and place identity in European cities: built heritage and innovative design. Journal of Urban Design, 9(2), 225-248. https://doi.org/10.1080/1357480042000227834
  13. Harpaz, Yossi; & Nassar, Ikhlas. (2022). Crossing borders, choosing identity: strategic self-presentation among Palestinian-Israelis travelling abroad. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 45(12), 2340-2361.
  14. Henderson, J. (2001). Heritage, identity and tourism in Hong Kong. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 7(3), 219-235.
  15. Hou, Jing-Shoung; Lin, Chung-Hsien; & Morais, Duarte B. (2005). Antecedents of attachment to a cultural tourism destination: The case of Hakka and non-Hakka Taiwanese visitors to Pei-Pu, Taiwan. Journal of Travel Research, 44(2), 221-233. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287505278988
  16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-020-02281-3
  17. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(84)90031-8
  18. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(94)90084-1
  19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2004.04.006
  20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.08.001
  21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2016.03.001
  22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2020.102966
  23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.04.070
  24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2016.05.017
  25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.01.013
  26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.01.020
  27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2022.104612
  28. https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870.2021.2008465
  29. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2016.1175486
  30. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527250120079402
  31. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2013.789005
  32. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2013.827201
  33. https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2020.1802471
  34. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2020.1712408
  35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496420934541
  36. https://doi.org/10.18778/1733-8077.17.4.04
  37. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112011
  38. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4519317
  39. Karagöz, Deniz; & Uysal, Muzaffer. (2020). Tourists’ Need for Uniqueness as a Representation of Differentiated Identity. Journal of Travel Research, 61(1), 76-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287520972804
  40. Kim, Jungeun; & Stodolska, Monika. (2013). Impacts of diaspora travel on ethnic identity development among 1.5 generation Korean-American college students. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Change, 11(3), 187-207.
  41. Ma, Fangheyue. (2021). “You Are First a Chinese Citizen, Then A Consumer”: Presenting and Balancing Identities Online as Chinese International Tourists. Qualitative Sociology Review, 17(4), 58-81.
  42. MacCannell, Dean. (1984). Reconstructed ethnicity tourism and cultural identity in third world communities. Annals of Tourism Research, 11(3), 375-391. https://doi.org/10.1016/0160-7383(84)90028-8
  43. Maleki, Fatemeh; & Gholamian, Aram. (2020). Antecedents and consequences of ethnic tourist satisfaction: the moderating role of ethnic identity. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 15(6), 597-611.
  44. Packer, Jan; Ballantyne, Roy; & Uzzell, David. (2019). Interpreting war heritage: Impacts of Anzac museum and battlefield visits on Australians’ understanding of national identity. Annals of Tourism Research, 76, 105-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2019.03.012
  45. Palmer, Catherine A. (1994). Tourism and colonialism: The experience of the Bahamas. Annals of Tourism Research, 21(4), 792-811.
  46. Palmer, Catherine. (1999). Tourism and the symbols of identity. Tourism Management, 20(3), 313-321. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00120-4
  47. Palmer, Catherine. (2005). An Ethnography of Englishness: Experiencing Identity through Tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(1), 7-27.
  48. Park, Hyung yu. (2010). Heritage Tourism: Emotional Journeys into Nationhood. Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), 116-135.
  49. Park, Hyung yu. (2016). Tourism as reflexive reconstructions of colonial past. Annals of Tourism Research, 58, 114-127.
  50. Pavlovskaya, Anna. (2021). National identity in international education: Revisiting problems of intercultural communication in the global world. Training, Language and Culture, 5(1), 20-36. https://doi.org/10.22363/2521-442X-2021-5-1-20-36
  51. Pretes, Michael. (2003). Tourism and nationalism. Annals of Tourism Research, 30(1), 125-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00035-X
  52. Qu, Zhirui; Cao, Xinyue; Ge, Hong; & Liu, Yan. (2021). How does national image affect tourists’ civilized tourism behavior? The mediating role of psychological ownership. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 47, 468-475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.04.019
  53. Rekom, Johan van; & Go, Frank. (2006). Cultural Identities in a Globalizing World: Conditions for Sustainability of Intercultural Tourism. In P. M. Burns & M. Novelli (eds.), (P. M. Burns & M. Novelli, eds.), Tourism and Social Identities. Elsevier.
  54. Ridgway, Maranda; & Kirk, Susan. (2021). Home sweet home: Creating a sense of place in globally mobile working lives. Global Networks, 21(4), 749-768. https://doi.org/10.1111/glob.12313
  55. Rivera, Lauren A. (2008). Managing “spoiled” national identity: War, tourism, and memory in Croatia. American Sociological Review, 73(4), 613-634. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122408073004
  56. Sinclair-Maragh, Gaunette; & Simpson, Shaniel Bernard. (2021). Heritage tourism and ethnic identity: A deductive thematic analysis of Jamaican Maroons. Journal of Tourism, Heritage & Services Marketing (JTHSM), 7(1), 64-75. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4521330
  57. Sugawa-Shimada, Akiko. (2015). Rekijo, pilgrimage and “pop-spiritualism”: pop-culture-induced heritage tourism of/for young women. Japan Forum, 27(1), 37-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/09555803.2014.962566
  58. Sun, Jiuxia; Wang, Xinrui; & Ma, Tao. (2018). De-localization and re-localization of ethnic cultures: what is the role of tourism? Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 23(11), 1034-1046. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2018.1513947
  59. Telfer, David J.; & Sharpley, Richard. (2015). Tourism and Development in the Developing World (second). Routledge.
  60. Tie, Caroline; Holden, Andrew; & Park, Hyung yu. (2015). A “reality of return”: The case of the Sarawakian-Chinese visiting China. Tourism Management, 47, 206-212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2014.09.021
  61. Tinson, Julie S.; & Saren, Michael A.J. (2022). The role of tourism in personal nationalism: A case study. Tourism Management, 93, 104612.
  62. van Eck, Nees Jan van; & Waltman, Ludo. (2009). How to normalize cooccurrence data? An analysis of some well-known similarity measures. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 60(8), 1635-1651. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21075
  63. van Eck, Nees Jan; & Waltman, Ludo. (2010). Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping. Scientometrics, 84(2), 523-538. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3
  64. van Eck, Nees Jan; & Waltman, Ludo. (2022). VOSviewer manual. Manual for VOSviewer for VOSviewer version 1.6.18.
  65. Wang, Enxu; Shen, Caiyun; Zheng, Jingjing; Wu, Di; & Cao, Ning. (2021). The antecedents and consequences of awe in dark tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(8), 1169-1183. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1782857
  66. Yang, I-Chieh Michelle; French, Juliana Angeline; Lee, Christina; & Watabe, Motoki. (2020). The symbolism of international tourism in national identity. Annals of Tourism Research, 83, 102966.
  67. Yang, Li. (2013). Ethnic Tourism and Minority Identity: Lugu Lake, Yunnan, China. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 18(7), 712-730. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2012.695289
  68. Youn, Seung Ho; & Uzzell, David. (2016). The young generations’ conceptualisation of cultural tourism: colonial heritage attractions in South Korea. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 21(12), 1324-1342.
  69. Zantides, Evripides. (2016). Looking inwards, designing outwards: national identity and print advertisements of the Cyprus Tourism Organisation. Visual Studies, 31(3), 248-259. https://doi.org/10.1080/1472586X.2016.1209987
  70. Zhang, Carol X.; L’Espoir Decosta, Patrick; & McKercher, Bob. (2015). Politics and tourism promotion: Hong Kong’s myth making. Annals of Tourism Research, 54, 156-171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2015.07.003
  71. Zhang, Carol X.; Pearce, Philip; & Chen, Ganghua. (2019). Not losing our collective face: Social identity and Chinese tourists’ reflections on uncivilised behaviour. Tourism Management, 73, 71-82.
  72. Zhang, Carol X.; Xiao, Honggen; Morgan, Nigel; & Ly, Tuan Phong. (2018). Politics of memories: Identity construction in museums. Annals of Tourism Research, 73, 116-130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2018.09.011
  73. Zhang, Carol Xiaoyue; Fong, Lawrence Hoc Nang; Li, ShiNa; & Ly, Tuan Phong. (2019). National identity and cultural festivals in postcolonial destinations. Tourism Management, 73, 94-104.
  74. Zhang, Shu-Ning; Ruan, Wen-Qi; & Yang, Ting-Ting. (2021). National Identity Construction in Cultural and Creative Tourism: The Double Mediators of Implicit Cultural Memory and Explicit Cultural Learning. SAGE Open, 11(3), 21582440211040788. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440211040789
  75. Amini, M., Rahimi, H., & Nematollahi, H. (2017). Investigating the Dimensions of Students’ Religious and National Identity (the Case of University of Kashan. Higher Education Letter, 10(39), 157-182. [ In Persian]
  76. Ghasemi, A., Khorshidi, M., & Heidari, H. (2012). Conformity of National and Ethnic Identity in Iran and Approach Of Iranian Peoples to National Unity and Right to Self-Determination. Social Sciences, 18(55), 57-92. doi: 10.22054/qjss.2012.886. [ In Persian]
  77. Ilchi, S., vanaki, A., & seivandian, M. (2021). Bibliometric Analysis and Visualization of Published Research on Social Media and Tourism. Tourism Management Studies, 16(55), 105-138. doi: 10.22054/tms.2021.53998.2390[ In Persian]
  78. Rabani, A., Rabani, R., &.Hasani, M. (2009). Mass Media and National Identity, A Case Study of Isfahan University Students. Quarterly Journal of Communication Research, 16(2), 65-93[ In Persian]
  79. Parvazi Shandi, H., Irani, H., Kordnaeij, A., & Khajeheian, D. (2021). Bibliometric Analysis of Global Research in the Field of Creative Industries. Scientometrics Research Journal, 7(14), 221-244. doi: 10.22070/rsci.2020.5342.1372. [ In Persian]
Tourism Management Studies
Volume 17, Issue 60
January 2023
Pages 79-115
Files
Share
How to cite
Statistics