Document Type : Research Paper

Author

PhD, Geography and Urban Planning, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz

Abstract

Tourists became carriers of Covid 19 disease and, eventually, became victims of the disease on their own. In this study, we aim to identify the key factors of behavioral geography affecting the tourism situation of Shiraz metropolis when facing infectious diseases and Covid-19 and scenario-building with a future-studies approach. The present study, in terms of  purpose  is applied research which has been conducted in terms of survey method at the exploratory level and based on the future-studies approach. The propulsive forces are determined by the Delphi method, and then these factors are determined based on the degree of importance level and uncertainty, prioritization ,and the most critical factors, and the software-Mic Mac- is used to write possible scenarios. In the scripting stage, 34 general variables were identified and defined in this software. Findings indicate that among these variables, behavioral behavior, immigration, inflation and social capital are the most influential key factors of behavioral geography influencing the tourism industry of Shiraz metropolis dealing with infectious diseases.

Keywords

امانپور، سعید، ملکی، سعید، صفایی پور، مسعود، امیری­فهلیانی، محمدرضا، (1398)، تدوین سناریوها و ارائه راهبردهای مؤثر در تاب­آوری اجتماعی آینده (مطالعه موردی: کلان‌شهر اهواز)، دو فصلنامه علمی جغرافیای اجتماعی شهری، دوره 6، شماره 2، پیاپی 15.
امانپور، سعید، ملکی، سعید، صفایی پور، مسعود، امیری­فهلیانی، محمدرضا، (1397)، تحلیل وضعیت و تعیین استراتژی­های مبتنی بر سناریو در تاب­آوری شهری (مورد پژوهی؛ کلان‌شهر اهواز)، فصلنامه پژوهش و برنامه­ریزی شهری، سال 9، شمارۀ پیاپی 35.
امیری­فهلیانی، محمدرضا، (1397)، کاربست رویکرد آینده­پژوهی در ارزیابی و تحلیل فضایی ابعاد و مؤلفه‌های تاب­آوری نهادی در مناطق کلان‌شهری (مطالعه موردی: کلان‌شهر اهواز)، رساله دوره دکتری جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اساتید راهنما؛ دکتر سعید امانپور و دکتر سعید ملکی
مرکز آمار ایران، سرشماری سال 1395
هال، جکینز (۱۳۸۲)، سیاست­گذاری جهانگردی، دفتر پژوهش‌های علمی و فرهنگی.
Abukhalifeh, Alaa Nimer,(2019), Current Issue in Tourism: Disease Transmission as a Potential Risk for Travellers, Conference on Interdisciplinary Business and Economics Research, 20th-21st April, Seoul, Korea
Angelini, R. et al. (2007), An outbreak of chikungunya fever in the province of Ravenna, Italy. Euro Surveill. 12, 12–14
Baker,  D.  M.  A.  (2015).  Tourism  and the  Health  Effects  of Infectious  Diseases:  Are  TherePotential  Risks  for  Tourists?  International  Journal  of  Safety  and  Security  in  Tourism  and Hospitality, 1(12): 1.
Downs, R. M. (1970). ‘‘The Cognitive Structure of an Urban Shopping Center.’’ Environment and Behavior. 2, 13–39.
Dubos, R.J. 1965. Man Adapting, Yale University Press, New Haven.
Ewald, P.W. 2000. Plague Time: How Stealth Infections Cause Cancers, Heart Disease,
and Other Deadly Ailments. Free Press, New York.
Gold, J. R. (2019), ehavioural geography, nternational Encyclopedia of Human Geography, second edition, volume
Gould, P. (1963).‘‘Man Against his Environment: A Game Theoretic Framework.’’ Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 53, 290–297.
Haque, T. H., & Haque, M. O. (2018). The swine flu and its impacts on tourism in Brunei. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 36, 92–101.
Hunter, J.M. 1974. The challenge of medical geography, in The Geography of Health and Disease, edited by J.M. Hunter, Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill: 1–31.
Institute of Shipping Economics and Logistics, (2017) World Seaborne Trade and World Port Traffic. Shipping Statisticsand Market Review 61
 Haas, W.H. et al. (2003) Imported Lassa fever in Germany: surveillance and management of contact persons. Clin. Infect. Dis. 36, 1254–1258
Jonas, A., Mansfeld, Y., Paz, S., & Potasman, I. (2011). Determinants of health risk perception among low-risk-taking tourists traveling to developing countries. Journal of Travel Research, 50(1), 87–99.
Kalateh Sadati, Ahmad, Lankarani, Mohamad Hossein & Bagheri Lank Kamran,(2020), Risk Society, Global Vulnerability and Fragile Resilience; Sociological View on Coronavirus Outbreak, Shiraz E-Medical Journal.
International Air Transport Association, (2017),IATA Annual Review, IATA
Kates, Robert W., and Joachiam F. Wohlwill (eds). (1966). Man’s Response to the Physical Environment. Journal of Social Issues, 22(4) (special issue).
Kates, R. W. (1970). ‘‘Human Perception of the Environment.’’ International Social Science Journal, 22, 648–60.
Khan, K. et al. (2014), Assessing the origin of and potential for international spread of chikungunya virus from the Caribbean. PLoS Curr. 6, 1–11
Kirk W 1951 Historical geography and the concept of the behavioral environment. In: Kuriyan G (ed.) Indian Geographical Journal, Siler Jubilee Edition. Indian Geographical Society,Madras,India.
Kuebrt, Andreas & Stabler, Martin,(2020), Infectious Diseases as Socio‐Spatial Processes: The COVID‐19 Outbreak In Germany, Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, 111( 3), pp. 482–496
 Levy, S.B. 2002. The Antibiotic Paradox: How the Misuse of Antibiotics Destroys their Curative Power. Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing
Lindahl, Johnna F & Grace, Delia,(2015), The consequences of human actions on risks for infectious diseases: a review.
Page, S., Yeoman, I., Munro, C., Connell, J., & Walker, L. (2006). A case study of best practice—Visit Scotland's prepared response to an influenza pandemic. Tourism Management, 27(3), 361–393.
 Ndidi Nkeki, Felix & Ohi Asikhia, Monday,(2019), Geographically weighted logistic regression approach to explore the spatial variability in travel behaviour and built environment interactions: Accounting simultaneously for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, Applied Geography, 108
Rogers, A. (2020). Blood From Covid-19 Survivors May Point the Way to a Cure.Available at:https://www.wired.com/story/an-old-source-for-potential-new-covid-19-drugs-bloodserum/ (accessed on 25.03.2020)
Rossello, Jaume, Santana-Gallego, Maria & Awan, Waqas,(2017), Infectious disease risk and international tourism demand, Health Policy and Planning, 32, 538–548.
Strielkowski, Wadim,(2020), International Tourism and COVID-19: Recovery Strategies for Tourism Organisations, Project: COVID-19 recovery strategy for tourism industry.
Un World Tourism Organization,(2017), UNWTO Tourism Highlights, United Nations
United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division (2017) International Migration Report: Highlights, United Nations
Saarinen, T. F. (1966). Perception of the Drought Hazard on the Great Plains (Research Paper No. 106).Department of Geography, University of Chicago.
Wang, Donggen,(2015), Place, context and activity–travel behavior: Introduction to the special section on geographies of activity–travel behavior, Journal of Transport Geography,47.
WHO.(2018). WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION.
Wilson, Mary E,(1995), Travel and the Emergence of Infectious Diseases, Emerging Infectious Diseases.
Zhan, K., Hou, Y. & Li, G. (2020). Threat of infectious disease during an outbreak: Influence on tourists' emotional responses to disadvantaged price inequality.Annals of Tourism Research, 84.