Mostafa Mohammadi; Morteza Khazaei Pul; Amir khazaei pul
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the perception of covid-19 on the entrepreneurial intention of tourism students with respect to the mediating role of the two factors of proactiveness and optimism. The statistical population of this study included all students and graduates of the ...
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The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the perception of covid-19 on the entrepreneurial intention of tourism students with respect to the mediating role of the two factors of proactiveness and optimism. The statistical population of this study included all students and graduates of the master's degree in tourism management of Maziar Institute of Higher Education in Royan in two majors of planning and marketing. Due to the epidemic disease situation and lack of face-to-face access to the statistical population, an electronic questionnaire was used on social networks with convenience sampling. Thus, 200 questionnaires without defects were collected, and the structural equation method with PLS software was used to analyze the data. Findings indicated that perception of Covid-19 did not directly affect students' entrepreneurial intent, but the mediating role of optimism in this regard was confirmed. The results also showed that the satisfaction of students' psychological needs directly and significantly affects students' entrepreneurial intention indirectly through optimism. On the other hand, the results showed that optimism about the future situation is a key factor in strengthening the entrepreneurial intent of tourism students, which can reduce the negative effect of the perception of Covid-19. IntroductionEntrepreneurship is a determining factor for economic and social development. Covid-19 is a severe disease caused by a new type of coronavirus first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The virus spread rapidly around the world. In the field of entrepreneurship literature, the entrepreneurial intention is considered to be the essential prerequisite for creating a business. Many researchers point out that satisfying or not satisfying basic psychological needs depends on the environment in which one lives. Perceptions of the epidemic can affect people's entrepreneurial intent by mentally perceiving risk, limiting positive behaviors, and neutralizing the satisfaction of basic psychological needs. Universities have also taken a step in this direction, and by adopting measures, they have tried to implement the indicators of an entrepreneurial university. They have tried to strengthen and lead students toward entrepreneurship by presenting various programs. Maziar Higher Education Institute, as the second center offering a master's degree in tourism in both planning and marketing in Mazandaran province, also pays serious attention to this issue and seeks to strengthen itself, students, and graduates towards entrepreneurial skills. Therefore, this study aims to identify the effects of the perception of COVID-19 and to satisfy the psychological needs of tourism students regarding their entrepreneurial intent with respect to the two mediating factors of proactiveness and optimism.Materials and MethodsThe present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive in terms of nature and method. The statistical population of this research includes all students and graduates of the master's degree program in tourism management of Maziar Institute of Higher Education in Royan in two directions of planning and marketing. Due to the researchers' access to the students of this university as the second center providing master's degree education in tourism management in Mazandaran province, this statistical population was considered for research. Because of the Covid-19 pandemic and the lack of face-to-face access of researchers to the statistical community, the electronic questionnaire was used on WhatsApp social networks as a private message and Instagram (with at least 209 members). This way, the questionnaire link was made available on social networks, and people were invited to answer the questionnaires. Thus, 200 questionnaires without defects were collected and used for analysis. The analysis method was based on structural equations with partial least squares using PLS software.Discussion and ResultsIn this research, eight hypotheses were developed. The hypotheses were tested on the data obtained from the master's degree students in the field of tourism management using related tests and the method of the structural equation using the partial least squares method. The results showed that the variables of psychological need satisfaction and optimism significantly affect students' entrepreneurial intention. However, according to the path coefficient and significant numbers obtained between the variable of perception of Covid-19 and proactiveness on entrepreneurial intention, perception of Covid-19 and proactiveness do not significantly affect students' entrepreneurial intention. The fifth hypothesis of the research is that the effect of perception of Covid-19 on entrepreneurial intention through the proactiveness mediator variable, therefore at the 95% confidence level, the effect of the proactiveness mediating variable on the relationship between perception of Covid-19 and entrepreneurial intention is not significant.Regarding the sixth hypothesis of the research, i.e., the effect of perception of Covid-19 on entrepreneurial intention through the optimistic mediator variable, at the 95% confidence level, the mediating effect of optimism on the relationship between perception of Covid-19 and entrepreneurial intention is significant. Regarding the seventh research hypothesis, i.e., the effect of psychological need satisfaction on students' entrepreneurial intention through the proactiveness variable, at a 95% confidence level, the effect of the proactiveness mediator variable on the relationship between psychological need satisfaction and entrepreneurial intention is not significant. Regarding the eighth hypothesis of the research, i.e., the effect of psychological need satisfaction on students' entrepreneurial intention through the mediating variable of optimism, at a 95% confidence level, the mediating effect of optimism on the relationship between psychological need satisfaction and entrepreneurial intention is significant.ConclusionsPresently, students do not have a negative perception of Covid-19 and are somehow accustomed to it. According to the findings of the descriptive section, they often seek to establish their businesses, especially in the field of online businesses. On the other hand, the mediating role of optimism has a positive effect on the entrepreneurial process and increases the chances of success of a new company. Slowly Thus, although the perception of Covid-19 does not affect students' entrepreneurial intentions, if accompanied by their optimism for the future, it can enhance students' entrepreneurial intent in an epidemic situation and reduce the negative effect of the perception of Covid-19. If students' psychological needs (autonomy, competence, and communication) are adequately met, it can act as an accelerator of entrepreneurial activity and ultimately increase their entrepreneurial intention. In other words, if these needs are met, people are more likely to be consistently involved in entrepreneurial behavior. In fact, having an optimistic outlook on the future is an essential factor, especially in conditions of uncertainty, and it helps a lot to become an entrepreneur in this environment. Given the state of the Covid-19 epidemic, where unemployment is high and job opportunities are limited, entrepreneurship is a solution that can generate higher returns than other alternative employment opportunities. In fact, in a crisis, optimistic entrepreneurs are more likely to believe in the success of their actions and, therefore, more likely to start a new business. As a result, almost two years after the epidemic, e-commerce has created new opportunities that students are aware of and looking to start their online businesses for entrepreneurship.
Salman Alavi; Mehdi Karoubi; Esmaeil Zabihi; Seyed Hosein Alavi
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the consequences of covid-19 in sport tourism and providing solutions. This research was done by qualitative method, thematic analysis, which is applied and exploratory in terms of purpose. The statistical population consisted of all experts in the field of sport ...
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The purpose of this study was to identify the consequences of covid-19 in sport tourism and providing solutions. This research was done by qualitative method, thematic analysis, which is applied and exploratory in terms of purpose. The statistical population consisted of all experts in the field of sport management, Sociology, and Tourism. Access to subjects was selected in a purposive sampling method through Interviewing with 14 people, theoretical saturation occurred here. The results showed that the consequences of the coronavirus on sports tourism included 40 sub-categories, which were placed in 9 main-categories. Finally, four concepts of job outcomes, event, sustainable development, and post-coronavirus ones were obtained. The results showed that the suggested solutions included 51 sub-categories placed in 11 main categories. Finally, five concepts were obtained that were Economic, health, infrastructure, management, and post-coronavirus solutions. Theoretically, having seen for future studies in the field of sport tourism and sport management foundationally, results can be used to help scientific richness in these fields complete. Practically, all relevant organizations and managers can know the current and future challenges and use the proposed solutions to deal with current and future situations.
Neda Torabi Farsani; Seyed Reza Bahadori
Abstract
One of the crises that affected tourism in 2020, especially in the hospitality industry, was the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) health crisis, which had major economic damage on the global hotel industry for more than three months and it has caused the closure and adjustment of human resources in this sector. ...
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One of the crises that affected tourism in 2020, especially in the hospitality industry, was the COVID-19 (Coronavirus) health crisis, which had major economic damage on the global hotel industry for more than three months and it has caused the closure and adjustment of human resources in this sector. The present study, with emphasis on accommodations (hotels, ecological resorts, hostels, and traditional hotels) in Iran, attempts to identify appropriate solutions for the resurgence of accommodation business in the Post- COVID-19. The data collection tool in this study was the interview, A semi-structured interview with elites, experts, and researchers was done; Qualitative (Thematic analysis) method was used to analyze, and the results of the interview were analyzed using open coding and axial coding, illustrated that policy-making, collaboration, market penetration, product development, increasing awareness, and information exchange are suitable solutions for the prosperity of accommodation in the Post- COVID-19.
Seyyed Mohammad Mirtaghian Rudsari; Firoozeh Farokhian; Maryam Naghavi
Abstract
The reaction of the community towards tourists is based on their perception of costs/profits of tourism. COVID-19's outbreaks led many host to believe that costs they receive from having tourists around, outweigh the benefits and this perception in turn, negatively influenced their reaction towards tourists. ...
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The reaction of the community towards tourists is based on their perception of costs/profits of tourism. COVID-19's outbreaks led many host to believe that costs they receive from having tourists around, outweigh the benefits and this perception in turn, negatively influenced their reaction towards tourists. The perception of cost, by the community members, in a chain sequence, leads to the perception of threat, the formation of a negative attitude and, ultimately, the occurrence of negative behavior. In line with this trend, the purpose of this study is to investigate the attitude and the reaction of community towards tourists during the outbreak of Covid-19 in Ramsar destination. Integrated threat theory was used to shape the theoretical framework. The research method was qualitative. The statistical population was the citizens of Ramsar. The sampling method was judgmental and the sample size was considered to be 21 people based on achieving theoretical saturation. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and were analyzed based on content analysis and open and axial coding. the research findings presented new dimensions of host-tourist interaction in the Corona period based on the combination of theories of social exchange and integrated threat. According to the findings while general perception towards tourists was negative, some locals with emphasizing the dependency of local livelihoods on tourism, believed under certain conditions, tourists should be welcomed back to the city. In both cases, health and safety of locals should come first.
Davood Ghorbanzadeh; Ehsan Abedi
Abstract
Tourism industry has long been recognized as one of the most vulnerable industries in crises. Health-related crises such as epidemics can have directly significantly negative impact on tourism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between secure attachment dimensions, ...
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Tourism industry has long been recognized as one of the most vulnerable industries in crises. Health-related crises such as epidemics can have directly significantly negative impact on tourism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between secure attachment dimensions, experiential co-creation dimensions and future experiential intentions among tourists who have traveled to tourist destinations during the outbreak of Covid-19 virus. In order to achieve the goal of the research, a sample of 248 tourists who traveled to tourist destinations during the outbreak of the Covid-19 virus was selected in the convenience method and using an online questionnaire distributed on social networks related to tourism. The present research, in terms of practical purpose, and the method of collecting data is survey data and is considering the relationship between variables, correlation with emphasis on structural equation modeling. The results of testing hypotheses, using SPSS and Smart PLS 3.0 software, indicate that secure attachment has a positive effect on the experiential trust of tourists. At the same time, experiential trust affects the tourist's experiential commitment and experiential connection with the destination. Finally, the results showed that experiential commitment is the most important antecedent for tourists' experiential intentions in the future. The results will assist tourism operators in developing and implementing market-orientated service strategies to increase secure secure attachment and experiential co-creation in order to enable tourists to have future intentions to experience the destination during the COVID-19 outbreak.
