Ali Akbar Shayan Yeganeh; Mohamad Ali Zangane Asadi; Abolghasem Amir Ahmadi
Abstract
As a new discipline, geotourism is a part of the nature-based tourism that relies on natural resources and geology. Geosites and geomorphosites are considered as infrastructure of geodiversity by the geomorphological and geological tourists. Geotourism has formed recently and elapsed its ...
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As a new discipline, geotourism is a part of the nature-based tourism that relies on natural resources and geology. Geosites and geomorphosites are considered as infrastructure of geodiversity by the geomorphological and geological tourists. Geotourism has formed recently and elapsed its early stages ofdevelopment. Iran is a country with a wide range of phenomena. Hence, to find the potentials for regional geotourism or capability of the geoparks, many researchers have been sought to assess the areas (of) geosites and geomorphosites in Iran, and in the world as well. The purpose of this study is to review some assessment methods of geosites and geomorphosites by 2015 and to extract their strengths and weaknesses in order to express a comprehensive method for assessing geomorphotourism areas. Analytical documents andadaptive methods are used in this research. Results of the study show that the Comanescu method is the perfect way to assess geomorphosites now. Moreover, the evaluation has been weak geomorphosites service role. Pralong, Lucie Kubalíková, Brilha and Charalampos Fassoulas methods are important in the next stage. However, in parts of the evaluation, they do not show all the potentials of a geomorphosite. Most of the methods in Iran are not in a comprehensive way to assess geomorphosites. Consequently, the present articlehas tried to propose a new method in order to maintain the strengths of the methods and reduce their weaknesses.
mohammad reza rezvani; Mahdieh sabaghpour; saeed shafia
Abstract
Governance is a procedure that with all its dimension, ultimately brings the mission of improving the quality of government services to the citizens within the framework of indicators such as transparency, justice, partnership, effectiveness and flexibility. The purpose of this study is to investigate ...
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Governance is a procedure that with all its dimension, ultimately brings the mission of improving the quality of government services to the citizens within the framework of indicators such as transparency, justice, partnership, effectiveness and flexibility. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of key players of electronic tourism in Iran in the realization of electronic governance. Therefore; good governance indicators were distinguished by the main players in the field of electronic tourism. In terms of research methodology, this is an applied research with qualitative orientation and used survey strategy. So, while reviewing and analyzing theoretical foundations, referring to library documents and using snowball sampling method, exploratory interviews were conducted and the interviews continued until the researcher's theoretical saturation. The results of the research presented in the form of an analytical model, show the contingent, passive and in some cases, the limited impact of government, electronic service providers and electronic consumers of Iran on good governance practices. The results showed that although there are good rules for achieving good governance, the cross-sectoral nature of tourism and the lack of a coherent and strategic look, the inadequate implementation of the talents in the laws and envisaged institutions, the conflict of interests and the power of the actors to obtain public interest, has been challenged the issue of access to good governance
Mohammad Saleh Torkestani; Kobra Bakhshi Zadeh Borj; Pedram Jahedi
Abstract
Competition and the speed of change in the tourism industry have made organizations to understand audience feedback to plan for attracting more tourists. This research is an applied research, with a combination of elements. It attempts to use the brand conceptual mapping method to create insight from ...
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Competition and the speed of change in the tourism industry have made organizations to understand audience feedback to plan for attracting more tourists. This research is an applied research, with a combination of elements. It attempts to use the brand conceptual mapping method to create insight from the understanding of internal audience to the tourism brand of Kish Free Zone. For data collection, 200 people in Tehran in two groups of people with/without a history of visiting the Kish Free Zone were selected by simple sampling. After two interviews using Brand Conceptual Mapping Method, their mental maps were drawn up. Although the Kish Free Zone includes the Kish Island, Hendurabi, and greater and little Faror Island, except Kish, there was no association related to the other islands in the maps. According to the results, people with a history of visits had more associations and more positive associations. More than half of the associations of people without a history of visits were similar to those with a history of visits. The inclusion of an advertising media as a negative association on the map of people without a history of visits was a notable point
Hamid Shayan; hamdolah sojasi; fahimeh jafari
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs in 6 tourist villages of Binalood city of Khorasan Razavi province. The present research is applied and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is the tourist ...
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The purpose of this study is to analyze the level of responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs in 6 tourist villages of Binalood city of Khorasan Razavi province. The present research is applied and the method of doing it is descriptive-analytical. The statistical population of the study is the tourist destination villages of Binalood city that have the highest volume of tourists and entrepreneurial activities. The sample size is based on statistics obtained from the city's Department of Industry and Mines, Cultural Heritage and Tourism Organization of Khorasan Razavi Province and in consultation with village managers, owners of 196 entrepreneurial businesses in the field of restaurants, teahouses and resorts. The data extracted from the researcher-made questionnaire were analyzed using statistical analysis methods in SPSS software. The results of Friedman test showed that the humanitarian index has the highest and the economic index has the lowest average rank from the respondents' point of view. On the other hand, high chi-square coefficient shows a significant difference between the indicators. The results of Kruskal-Wallis test show the highest level of social responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs in Abreh and Jagharq and the lowest level in Zashk. In terms of moral index, there is no significant difference between villages, but in other indicators (legal, humanitarian, economic, environmental) the level of responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs in the studied villages is different. IntroductionIn recent years, the tourism-oriented villages of Mashhad-Torqabeh Shandiz, due to its pristine and beautiful nature and many natural tourist attractions, has become a space for creating and developing entrepreneurial activities in rural tourism, and is increasingly witnessing activities related to We are. Therefore, due to the great importance of the responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs in reducing the negative effects and increasing the positive effects of rural tourism, it is necessary to examine their level of responsibility. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the level of social responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs. Accordingly, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: 1- What is the status of social responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs? 2- Is there a difference between the dimensions of social responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs or not?Materials and MethodsThe present study is descriptive-analytical. Indicators have been studied in three areas of entrepreneurship social responsibility towards the environment, tourists (guests) and local community (host). The analysis unit in this study is tourism entrepreneurs who have engaged in economic activities in the study villages. To examine the responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs, villages were selected that offer more amenities and services such as restaurants, teahouses and resorts. For this reason, the villages of Jagharq, Abreh Olya, Hesar Sorkh, Kong, Zashk and Naghandar were selected as the study population. The sample size was 196 owners of restaurants, teahouses and resorts. The validity of the questionnaire was assessed by 8 university professors and its reliability was assessed based on Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Alpha coefficients, in all dimensions higher than 0.5, indicate the validity and internal consistency of the research structures. In order to analyze the collected data according to the objectives of the research, SPSS software was used. In the data analysis section, due to the non-normality of the data, non-parametric Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used.Discussion and ResultsAccording to the results, the responsibility of entrepreneurs varies both in scale and in the destination villages. Tourism entrepreneurs in the humanitarian and legal dimensions have the highest level of social responsibility and the lowest level of responsibility related to the economic and then environmental dimension. The most important issue is that tourism entrepreneurs have not been able to create many job opportunities for Indigenous people, and due to gender orientation, fewer women have been used in the business environment. In the environmental dimension, entrepreneurs have less commitment to the use of recyclable items, as a result of their activities have caused pollution in the environment. The level of responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs towards the local community, tourists, environment showed that the highest level of responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs towards tourists. Because the goal of all tourism entrepreneurs and business owners is to make more profit. The results also showed the lowest level of responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs towards the environment. According to the results, the social responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs in Abardeh and then Jagharq villages is higher than other villages, and in Zashk village, the level of responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs is lower than other villages. The conclusion indicates that more entrepreneurship and tourism businesses have been created in the villages of Abreh and Jaghargh along these villages, and also from a better geographical location than other villages of Abreh and Jagherq with more tourists and entrepreneurship, and as a result the responsibility of tourism entrepreneurs. And business owners to attract tourists and their satisfaction is more, but the village of Zashk at the end of the Mashhad-Torqabeh Shandiz tourism axis has fewer tourists and more has the second houses of urban dwellers.ConclusionsAccountability studies have shown that entrepreneurs can be successful in their business if they take responsibility for everyone (environment, community and customers). Accordingly, it is necessary for tourism entrepreneurs to act more responsibly to improve the performance of their business and to include social responsibility in their business, and the good performance of tourism entrepreneurs is a reflection of their observance of this principle. Tourism entrepreneurship is sustainable when it satisfies the local community and tourists and does the least damage to the environment.
Fatemeh Baghaienia; mohammad shaker ardakani; nahid amrolahi; Ali Behjati Ardakani
Abstract
Because human resources have a great impact on forming a positive image of the organization in the minds of customers, so today in the internal branding process, personnel have an important role in conveying brand promises to customers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze and identify ...
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Because human resources have a great impact on forming a positive image of the organization in the minds of customers, so today in the internal branding process, personnel have an important role in conveying brand promises to customers. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to analyze and identify the factors affecting internal branding from the perspective of executives. The method of this research is qualitative and the data obtained from interviews with 19 executives of hotels in Yazd who have been selected by snowball sampling method and have been analyzed using thematic analysis method and Nvivo software. The data after coding includes 642 initial codes, 32 themes and 9 comprehensive categories. The results showed that the effective factors in internal branding from the perspective of hotel executives includes training, monitoring, effective communication, effective meetings, customer orientation, leadership, selection and employment, service compensation and quality of working life.
Tourism planning
Nima Khademi; Abbas Abbasi; Kazem Askarifar
Abstract
Local event tourism is one of the types of tourism that can play an essential role in the sustainable economic and social development of communities. However, this issue has received less attention. Meymand Fars Flower and Rose Festival is one of these events held every year in the spring season. This ...
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Local event tourism is one of the types of tourism that can play an essential role in the sustainable economic and social development of communities. However, this issue has received less attention. Meymand Fars Flower and Rose Festival is one of these events held every year in the spring season. This study aims to identify the factors that attract tourists to this event. For this purpose, the factors attracting tourists to the events were extracted by qualitative content analysis and then the tourists' opinions. Finally, a conceptual framework ofinfluencing factors on customers' tendencies, including 50 indicators in 15 components, was presented. Also, the quantitative analysis of Q data shows that accessibility, hospitality, and spending time with friends were essential for the first group of tourists, social interactions and event quality were necessary for the second group, patriotic and learning motives were important for the third group, and experience and enjoyment of the event were necessary for the fourth group. At the same time, natural attractions and enjoyment of the festival environment have been essential for all tourists, and these results can be a basis for formulating marketing strategies for local tourism events.IntroductionDuring the last two decades, the tourism industry has increasingly strengthened the local economy due to its high diversity and convenient access. In addition, the development of the tourism industry causes benefits such as increasing the employment and income of residents, improving transportation, and, most importantly, protecting the cultural heritage of local communities. One of the types of tourism is event tourism, which has grown significantly in recent years. Event tourism is a form of travel with special interests in which people visit a special event to attend or along with their trip. One of the important products in tourism development has been an event in the form of cultural festivals. In this regard, local festivals as a branch of cultural events are considered one of travelers’ actions in rural areas. On the other hand, due to its various natural, historical, and cultural attractions, Iran is considered one of the most capable countries in the world for organizing such events. For this reason, practical steps can be taken toward the successful development of this type of tourism by more closely examining the events and festivals held in the country. One of these local festivals is the Meymand Fars Flower and Rose Festival, held every year at the beginning of the rose-picking season for one month in the Meymand Fars region. In this regard, it will be beneficial to identify the effective factors in attracting tourists to this annual local event, to get a more detailed understanding of the affairs and a deeper understanding of the social, cultural, and economic realities of the region and to plan for the sustainable development of this region. However, this issue has received less attention despite its clarity and necessity. On this subject, the current research seeks to identify the indicators and components influencing the tendency of tourists to visit rural events by using the qualitative content analysis method and providing a conceptual framework of these factors. Then, by analyzing the data of Meymand Flower and Rose Festival tourists based on the conceptual model, the types of tourists of this local event were identified.Materials and MethodsThis research aims to identify the factors that attract event tourists to local festivals using the Q method in Meymand Flower and Rose Festival, Fars. In terms of purpose, this research is practical, and according to the approach and type of data, it can be categorized as mixed research. The current research was carried out in 2023 in Fars province regarding time and place. In this research, first, the qualitative content analysis method with a directional approach has been used to identify and determine the existing indicators. Then, to know the mentality of participants in the Meymand Fars Flower and Rose Festival and collect data (using the Q method), all the customers who participated in this festival in 2023 were studied.Discussion and ResultsIn the first step, based on the content analysis of the screened studies, the researchers reviewed the final studies several times to determine titles or themes. At this stage, the researchers identified the factors affecting tourists' tendency towards events. Since some words had the same meaning, the necessary overlaps were made, and some indicators were removed. In the next step, the content validity ratio of Lawshe was used to check the validity of indicators in rural tourism. After this step, the number of 50 indicators was finalized and categorized into 15 concepts. Then, in the quantitative part, the data obtained from the Q factor analysis methodology was used to identify and extract the mentality of tourists. For this purpose, the tourists' opinions about the factors affecting their attendance at the Meymand Flower and Rose Festival 2023 were collected. With exploratory factor analysis, the participants were selected based on the shared values and the role of the data in explaining the total explanatory variance, and finally, the Varimax rotation divided the rest into four groups after removing 30 of them.ConclusionsIn this research, an attempt was made to use a mixed approach; firstly, with the help of qualitative content analysis, the indicators and components of local festivals were identified, and then the mentality of the tourists of Meymand Fars Flower and Rose Festival was extracted as a study. Finally, a conceptual framework of influencingfactors on customers' tendencies, including 50 indicators in 15 components, was presented. Then, based on the results of the quantitative method, four groups of customers were identified in Meymand Rose and Rose Festival. Enjoying nature, weather, and flowers and plants are among the motivations that are common among all four groups; in other words, it was the common feature of all visitors to this festival. However, in the separated groups, the factors have a significant dispersion.In the first group, the three factors of accessibility, hospitality of the destination, and spending time with friends are among the unique factors that have attracted them to this festival. This group constituted almost 37 percent of the participants in the research.The second group, which included almost 27 percent of the sample of festival tourists, with a sense of loyalty to the event and satisfaction, considers this festival a platform for social interactions and feels a sense of national pride by attending it.The third group is attracted to this festival with patriotic motives and the aim of learning, excitement, and making memories, and the festival’s popularity has been one of the main reasons for them. Finally, the fourth group of this festival has chosen a suitable place for photography and a space to enjoy holidays and relaxation with the intention of diversity in experience.In this context, the most significant difference between the present research and the previous studies is related to the classification of factors affecting the tendency of tourists, so that in none of the mentioned researches, the factors influencing the attraction of event tourists to local festivals have not been reported in a comprehensive category.Therefore, it is recommended to relevant provincial and national policymakers and patriot service providers to pay attention to the extracted effective indicators as the most key factors in their service strategy by recognizing the important characteristics of each category of tourists.
Hedayat Allah Nikkhah; Mostafa Zahirinia
Volume 10, Issue 32 , March 2016, , Pages 43-65
Abstract
The tourism industry has become an important sector for both developed and developing countries, including Iran. This study attempts to identify the perceived impacts of tourism by residents in Bandar Abbas, located on the south of Iran. The impact of tourism was measured by the Ap and Crompton's ...
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The tourism industry has become an important sector for both developed and developing countries, including Iran. This study attempts to identify the perceived impacts of tourism by residents in Bandar Abbas, located on the south of Iran. The impact of tourism was measured by the Ap and Crompton's model (1998) in which, four aspects are categorized for tourism impacts; economic, cultural, social and environmental.Based on a survey of 390 local residents, tourism impacts were assessed by a 33-item tourism impact scale. According to the mean measures, the most strong perceptions toward tourism effects are associated with economic (M=3.78), and the second one is cultural aspect (M=3.61). In fact, these two aspects are considered as positive effects of tourism. On the other hand, the mean score of negative impacts was higher on social (M=3.38) and environmental (M=3.33) aspects in terms of the perceived impacts of tourism. The study also revealed that men have more negative social perception and positive environmental perception compare to women. The findings also showed that there is no relationship between marital status, job status and monthly income with tourism perception.
mehdi ghorokhlu; narges ahmadi fard; rnrahim gahangiri
Volume 3, Issue 9 , August 2005, , Pages 43-71
Abstract
Golestan Province is located in the north of Iran. This province is cradle of Tabari civilization. Through discoveries in previous years, a lot of historical and archeological items have been obtained, which are now known as historical and archelogical wealth of Iran. Making people familiar with such ...
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Golestan Province is located in the north of Iran. This province is cradle of Tabari civilization. Through discoveries in previous years, a lot of historical and archeological items have been obtained, which are now known as historical and archelogical wealth of Iran. Making people familiar with such cultural and artistic honors and civilization of our fathers and encouraging national pride and patriotism are possible through establishment of museums. Since museums are one of the tourism infrastructures and vital for the development of such industry, it is required to establish museums for implementing tourism development policies and increasing tourism- related incomes in national and regional
Soozan Sadat Saidi Shahri; Neda Zarandyan
Volume 10, Issue 29 , April 2016, , Pages 45-67
Abstract
Landforms are geomorphological features of scientific, culturalhistorical, aesthetic or socio-economic value based on human understanding. Given these features expansion in our country, thepotential can be used for tourism development. Hence, this study aims to recognize Gonabad southwest ...
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Landforms are geomorphological features of scientific, culturalhistorical, aesthetic or socio-economic value based on human understanding. Given these features expansion in our country, thepotential can be used for tourism development. Hence, this study aims to recognize Gonabad southwest geomorphologic landforms (as the most potential touristic area in the province) and evaluate theirGeomorphtourism capabilities. Satellite imagery, geological and topographic maps and site visiting were used for identifying mentioned landforms and Geomorphtourism capabilities were evaluated by Peralong and Cocean methods. Accordingly, four geomorphologic landforms were identified; Darb Sofieh Mountain, Darb Sofieh Waterfall, Karesty Tak Zu Promontory, Tak Zu Waterfall, Khanic, and Kalatehnow. The results of the ranking in both method revealed, Darb Sofieh Mountain is the most important Geomorphtourism landform in the Gonabad Southwest. In other word, for tourism investment in the area, Darb Sofieh Mountain landformshould be as a priority development goal. Karesty Tak Zu Promontory, Darb Sofieh Waterfall, Tak Zu Waterfall Khanic, and Kalatehnow are respectively next priorities.
Abstract
The rural-urban relationships have a considerable effect on rural settlements. Cities are centers of capital accumulation and social flows. In contrast, rural settlements are also considered as tourism centers of urban residents as it provides an opportunity to use rural natural potentials which bring ...
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The rural-urban relationships have a considerable effect on rural settlements. Cities are centers of capital accumulation and social flows. In contrast, rural settlements are also considered as tourism centers of urban residents as it provides an opportunity to use rural natural potentials which bring economic prosperity and development for them. In this research, it has been used descriptive–analytical method. The sample population includes 165 households using Cochran method. It has been used structural model and path analysis to analyze the relationships among variables and also to identify the affecting aspects of rural-urban relationships on rural tourism. The results of path analysis model indicate that increasing rural-urban relationships have led to the development of second homes, jobs and economic development in rural settlements and play an important role in increasing their satisfactions as well.
tourism management
Mehdi Karoubi; Fatemeh Yavari Gohar; seyed mojtaba mahmoudzadeh; Nasim Mohammadian Mahmoudjigh
Abstract
In recent years, some countries and destinations have used brands to describe themselves, in a way that "tourism nation branding" has become one of the main focuses of tourism marketing studies. On the other hand, tourism development depends more on tourism policy-making than the known underlying factors, ...
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In recent years, some countries and destinations have used brands to describe themselves, in a way that "tourism nation branding" has become one of the main focuses of tourism marketing studies. On the other hand, tourism development depends more on tourism policy-making than the known underlying factors, which imply the determination of governments to develop this industry, and it reflects in high-scale documents and laws as well as in monitoring their proper implementation. This study analyzes the branding approach in macro policies of tourism in Iran. The research is descriptive-analytical and qualitative. After reviewing the research background, tourism nation branding policies were extracted from the content of the selected documents by thematic analysis. Then 243 primary codes were categorized into 62 basic themes, 21 organizing themes, and four global themes entitled (1)Nation tourism branding, (2)Components, (3)Effects, and (4)Factors affecting it. Finally, the thematic network was drawn, and the results were interpreted. According to the findings, not only the specialized indicators of tourism nation branding but also the primary indicators of policy-making have been ignored. At the top of them are a lack of systematization, a lack of stability and integrity, and a lack of guidance on implementing decisions.IntroductionIt seems that an essential part of the challenge of not paying attention to tourism branding can be found in macro tourism policies and policy-makers' lack of attention to integrating tourism development and marketing measures through branding. Therefore, the present study is designed in response to this question of whether the branding approach can be discovered in macro tourism policies? So we can explain the situation of tourism branding in the macro perspectives of the country to identify gaps and fundamental shortcomings of the Iranian policy system in this field.In addition, a comparison of credible reports related to the national brand with tourism reports (before the Covid-19 epidemic) shows that 7 out of the top 10 countries in the NBI index presented in 2019 were among the top tourist destinations in the world (in terms of tourist attraction and income) in the same year, which was published in the report of the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) entitled Tourism Highlights 2020.Materials and MethodsThe present study aimed to analyze the policies of different parts of the tourism nation branding in basic and large-scale documents, using thematic analysis. Then, the themes related to tourism branding were extracted. For this purpose, the basic (specific to tourism) and large-scale (macro) laws, documents, programs, and regulations of the Islamic Republic of Iran related to the field of tourism were identified (21 documents). Considering that the Iranian tourism industry has been influenced by the political institution more than anything else, the documents after the Islamic Revolution of Iran have been introduced and examined in this study. Then, based on the Attride-Stirling method, the coding was performed to identify basic themes (codes and points of the text), organizing themes (combining and summarizing basic themes), and global themes (governing the whole text) to form a thematic network. This research is descriptive-analytical and qualitative (in terms of the nature of the data).Discussion and ResultsThe first step- parsing the text: first, the content of the documents was studied independently by the researchers, and the irrelevant or unuseful information was removed. Then, by separating the useful and related points, for example, the related content to tourism, branding, and its dimensions (explicitly or implicitly), the coding process began, and the basic themes were identified based on the initial codes.The second step- interpreting the text and drawing the thematic network: In the next step, 243 initial codes were identified after reviewing the basic themes and ensuring the method of classification, naming, and adapting them to the original codes. Then, the primary codes were categorized into 62 basic themes, 21 organizing themes, and four global themes entitled (1) Nation tourism branding, (2) Components, (3) Effects, and (4) Factors affecting it. Finally, the thematic network was drawn, and the results were interpreted.ConclusionsAs confirmed in the present study, despite the importance of the tourism industry as an economic sector in the world, tourism nation branding has received little attention from policy-makers and the planning system in Iran. So that, only designing a random logo and slogan has been considered. Even designing and implementing a promotional program (albeit short-term) did not matter much for the same logo. In this regard, contrary to the consensus of researchers on the process of place branding and destinations branding, such an approach can not be traced in the selected documents, which shows the lack of importance of tourism branding in the field of public policy and tourism policy. The findings of this study are in line with the research literature. However, there are many obstacles along the way. According to the findings, it seems that given the current situation and the incomprehensible position of tourism nation branding in public policy, Iran is not currently ready to develop a purposeful and coherent tourism nation brand in the long run.
Mir Ali Seyed Naghavi; Seyed Mohammad Mirtaghian Roudsari
Volume 9, Issue 27 , October 2014, , Pages 47-92
Abstract
AbstractOrganizational ethics in hospitality industry is the most important challenge are facing to it players in this industry; as a matter of fact, hotels can make Competitive Advantage by use of ethics in their activities for themselves and/or fall in deterioration by avoidance from it. This study ...
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AbstractOrganizational ethics in hospitality industry is the most important challenge are facing to it players in this industry; as a matter of fact, hotels can make Competitive Advantage by use of ethics in their activities for themselves and/or fall in deterioration by avoidance from it. This study investigates the organizational ethics gap in the hotel industry in Persian International Hotels of Mazandaran at summer of 1393. For analysis of organizational ethics gap, two approaches were examined; employees’ attitude to measure oral organization ethics, guests’ attitude to measure existent organization ethics also were evaluated the relationship between demographic characteristics of employees and guests with organizational ethics and the weight dimensions of organizational ethics from the perspective of population of the study. Population of the study include tow group, employees and guests of four and five stars’ hotels in west of Mazandaran. Measuring instruments of research were tow questionnaires for employees and guests with reliability coefficient (0.920) and (0.959). The statistical analysis was done by SPSS 22.0 and lisrel 8.8. Consequences of the study indicate that there is gap between oral organization ethics and existent organization ethics in Persian International Hotels of Mazandaran. Also finding depicted that, there are most differences between oral organization ethics and existent organization ethics is related to considerate dimension and less differences related to Initiative dimension. And other finding suggested in the form of Conclusions and recommendations
hasan asadi; amin pour naghi; noushin esfahani; hamid zeytunli
Volume 5, Issue 13 , November 2010, , Pages 47-64
Abstract
The present research aims to study the various dimensions of security in Iran’s sport tourism. The statistical population of this research include all of the international sport tourists such as athletes, coaches, trainers, doctors, journalists, and associated delegations, who participated in the ...
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The present research aims to study the various dimensions of security in Iran’s sport tourism. The statistical population of this research include all of the international sport tourists such as athletes, coaches, trainers, doctors, journalists, and associated delegations, who participated in the Fajr International Games (2010). The total number of the sample population is 420. The preliminary data were collected using a questionnaire devised by the researcher which its validity was approved by the experts. To determine the reliability, the questionnaires were distributed among 25 foreign sport tourists, resulting in Cronbach's alpha (α=0.83). This questionnaire investigated various dimensions such as the sport tourists satisfaction with the existing security in Iran, the security-disturbing factors from the view point of sport tourists before and after traveling to Iran, the role of the tourist police in the maintenance and improvement of tourism in Iran, the role of the media in depicting security in this country, and the measures these tourists suggest to be taken to improve security in Iran’s sport tourism. For data analysis, in the descriptive statistics section, standard deviation, cumulative frequency, cumulative frequency percentage, mean and mode were identified and for the evaluation of the data SPSS16 was employed. The results show that the major causes of worry for sport tourists before coming to Iran were: social aggressiveness, personal territory violation, and robbery. However, 34% of the tourists declared they were not worried at all about the security in Iran before their departure. The most prominent matters the sport tourists were anxious about, during their visit to Iran, were: lack of personal security, social aggressiveness, and psychological insecurity. However, regarding some security-disturbing matters like hitting, murder, rape, and terrorism, no signs of concern among the tourists were felt. Additionally, 53% of the sports tourist didn’t witness any security violating circumstances during their visit to Iran. Anyhow, the feeling of insecurity originating from the media, family and friends, decreased significantly after the tourists’ traveling to Iran.
Abstract
Despite the importance of perceived risk related to tourism and willingness to revisit, few studies have been done on the effect of perceived risk on the willingness to revisit through the mediating role of destination image. By investigating the effect of perceived risk on the destination image and ...
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Despite the importance of perceived risk related to tourism and willingness to revisit, few studies have been done on the effect of perceived risk on the willingness to revisit through the mediating role of destination image. By investigating the effect of perceived risk on the destination image and its mediating role on the perceived risk as well as the willingness to revisit, this study has created new insights. The statistical population consisted of all domestic tourists who visited Arg-e Bam in spring and early summer of 2016. Due to the lack of access to detailed statistics of tourists who have visited Bam, 200 domestic visitors were selected using convenience sampling method. The study is an applied research and uses descriptive - data collection (questionnaire) method. In this study, the mediating role of both cognitive and emotional images on the relationship of three risks of the physical, financial and social and psychological and willingness to revisit were investigated. The obtained results indicated that the cognitive and emotional images play a mediating role on the relationship between physical and financial risk and willingness to revisit; however, there is no mediating role on the relationship between social - psychological risk and willingness to revisit.
Sahar Pirjamadi; Morteza Motahhari; Mehdi Karoubi; Ahmad Mahmoudi
Abstract
Introduction
The tourism industry, as the largest and most diverse industry in the world, is nowadays considered an essential source of income and an influential factor in cultural exchanges between countries. Many developed and developing countries consider this dynamic industry as the primary source ...
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Introduction
The tourism industry, as the largest and most diverse industry in the world, is nowadays considered an essential source of income and an influential factor in cultural exchanges between countries. Many developed and developing countries consider this dynamic industry as the primary source of income, job creation, private sector growth, and infrastructure development (Camilleri, 2018). Sport is also a significant and important industry in the current world. The integration of sports and tourism creates one of the most impressive modern service industries, namely the sports tourism industry (Cho et al., 2019). Gibson defines sports tourism as leisure-based travel in which people temporarily leave their homes to play or watch physical activities or see the attractions associated with those activities (Amin-Rostamkolaee & Poursoltani, 2019). The important point worthy of attention is the fact the climate of each region has a significant impact on drawing the future lines of tourism development. The multiple capabilities of receiving tourists in different areas and regions throughout the year pave the way for increasing tourism capacity, especially sports tourism (Karimi et al., 2018). In this regard, the free trade, industrial, and economic zones in Iran have unique capabilities for investment and planning in sports tourism, considering their favorable climate and various attractions and natural landscapes. Due to their special geographical and climatic location, most of these areas have ecological potential for attracting tourists, including pristine beaches, anticlines, and synods (Savadi et al., 2019). Therefore, tourism marketing for a country or a region is essential since marketing can provide potential tourists with information about what the region can offer, thus encouraging them to visit it (Nekmahmud et al., 2020). As one of the main pillars of the national development process, the sports tourism industry requires specific missions, visions, strategies, and policies, especially in free trade zones. In their research, Szemkovics et al., (2018) concluded that cultural-tourist indicators in an area increase the likelihood of investing in those areas. Kodirovna et al., (2020) stated that advertising in tourism is intended not only to attract tourists but also to create a clear and positive image of tourists, so advertising helps tourists to get acquainted with the place before a personal visit. Concerning the obstacles to the development of sports tourism, Abedi et al., (2021) refer to infrastructure as a matter of the utmost importance. Moreover, holding festivals and competitions of water and beach sports were identified as new strategies for developing sports tourism. Free trade zones with favorable climatic conditions, beautiful nature, and historical monuments and natural sites have many capabilities for establishing tourist activities, especially in the realm of sports. Every free zone also has its own special sports and sports competitions that can increase the number of tourists, including spectators, participants and organizers, and others.
Materials and Methods
As an applied research, the present article relies on the qualitative and exploratory method, coupled with the field method used to obtain data. The study explores and identifies the marketing feasibility indicators of sports tourism development in free trade, industrial, and economic zones in Iran. The statistical population of the study included all experts and knowledgeable individuals in the sports tourism industry; experts and professors in sports management with scientific and research backgrounds in sports tourism; tourism managers in free trade, industrial and economic zones; and scientists who had the necessary expertise related to the research. The research conducted a purposeful sampling to achieve an appropriate sample.
Results and Discussion
Twenty-one interviews with experts were conducted and then analyzed by MAXQDA software. A total of 341 primary identifiers were extracted. Having summarized and merged the identifiers that were semantically and conceptually common, the study identified a total of 145 identifiers categorized under 23 main categories and seven general concepts, as described below. The identified concepts and the relevant categories are as follows: 1) Promotion and advertising of tourist attractions (application of new digital and communication technologies, specialized and professional approach to advertising, environmental advertising, written and tangible advertising, virtual social media, and national media); 2) readiness and capacity-building in attracting domestic and foreign tourists (cultural and social capacity-building, management of tourist attractions, advertising and marketing, provision of quality of desirable services, support and reception from the private sector and investors); 3) stakeholder integration (local residents, government support for investment, and interaction and cooperation between organizations); 4) market risk acceptance (market risk, economic capacities, and free zones trade); 5) recognition of infrastructural and natural capacities (infrastructural facilities, natural attraction facilities, historical monuments, and support facilities); 6) past experiences and approaches (innovative and modern experiences and negative experiences); 7) experiences of neighboring countries in tourism development (successful experiences).
Conclusion
Among the mentioned components, the most frequent one is natural attraction facilities, which is consistent with the findings in Szemkovics et al. (2018). Their research concluded that cultural-tourist indicators in an area increase the likelihood of investing in those areas. Concerning the crystallization of sport as a need, sports tourism development, and its largest share in service industries in the world with further specialization, tourism nowadays provides the opportunity for every destination area to benefit from tourism. At the heart of this development, sports tourism can lead to new job opportunities as well as employment of women and the youth in activities related to the industry. Tourism potentialities are unique assets for each country, it is thus important to identify, classify, and plan for sports tourism. In fact, sports tourism requires comprehensive and efficient planning. At the same time, free trade zones, due to their unique features and capabilities, possess high potential for the development of the sports tourism industry. In this respect, the first economic effect of tourism is an increase in income for local residents in tourist areas, be it individual or collective income. The results of the present study suggest that the managers of Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Tourism (including managers of investment, infrastructure and sample tourism areas, domestic tourism development, monitoring and evaluation of tourism services, cultural heritage and tourism free zones), of Ministry of Sports and Youth, of the organizations and relevant and influential departments and agencies (e.g., municipalities and decision makers) develop the tourism infrastructure in free zones concerning tourism hotels, transportation, etc.; improve the quality of existing infrastructure to increase tourist satisfaction and attract more tourists; establish recreational and sports complexes; pay more attention to areas with lower sports tourism infrastructure, to the establishment of special headquarters for sports tourism, training and recruitment of creative sports tourism specialists to maintain this national capital in Iran; increase funding for sports tourism in free zones; increase social and cultural security, prepare comprehensive and creative sports tourism plans in free zones; consistently publish books, articles, catalogs and photos of sports tourism attractions in free zones; pay attention to the growth and development of natural and urban environments, including natural attractions; use marketing and advertising techniques; conduct needs analysis; focus on purposeful activity of sports delegations in free zones; hold sports competitions organized by sports federations and hosted by free zones; and use the experiences of other prosperous countries.
Reza Hosseingholizadeh; Mahmood Alborzi; Abbas Toloie Eshlaghy; Hamid Zargham Boroujeni
Abstract
The beliefs of the stakeholders who provide tourism services in destinations play an important role in the sustainability of destinations. The values of variables affecting these beliefs are always ambiguous, and the causal relationships between them are uncertain. The reality of opinion dynamics ...
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The beliefs of the stakeholders who provide tourism services in destinations play an important role in the sustainability of destinations. The values of variables affecting these beliefs are always ambiguous, and the causal relationships between them are uncertain. The reality of opinion dynamics reflects even more complexity. Therefore, the present study used fuzzy logic, Bayesian belief networks, and opinion dynamics models to investigate a complex topic. The models were applied to the data obtained from the Iranian stakeholders in a bid to attract Chinese tourists. The data was collected by administering the questionnaire to 540 stakeholders during 2019, 2020 and 2021. Finally, the research provided not only an agent-based simulation to visualize trends and their evolution or co-evolution, but also the possibility of predicting defective and desirable trends with the ultimate aim of preventing or reinforcing them.IntroductionDespite the apparent regularity of the tourism process, ambiguity, uncertainty, and dynamism in the host community complicate the control of the process. It is ambiguous because different tastes are applied to it (Liu et al., 2021). It is uncertain because the stakeholders have different beliefs (Merigó et al., 2012). It is dynamic (Sainaghi & Baggio, 2017) because it is affected by environmental changes such as diseases (Soltan-Alinejad & Soltani, 2021), natural disasters (Rosselló et al., 2020), information technology (Xiang, 2018), and environmental issues (Saviolidis et al., 2021). Accordingly, conventional statistical tools are ineffective in capturing the whole complexity at work (Sun & Müller, 2013). In this respect, the current study used fuzzy logic, conditional probability, and diffusion processes on complex networks in order to model ambiguity, uncertainty, and dynamism, respectively. The fuzzy membership functions were used for the initial processing of the collected data (Serrano-Guerrero, 2021). The study utilized Bayesian belief networks to measure the community’s parameters in the current situation (Rohmer, 2020). Moreover, opinion dynamics was employed to predict future trends (Ureña et al., 2019). Specifically, the structural and parametric training of Bayesian belief networks was used to model the current beliefs of stakeholders in tourism destinations (Rohmer, 2020). The developed Bayesian belief network is able to make predictions, prescriptions, and causal inferences about the stakeholder-related variables of the community (Nadkarni & Shenoy, 2001). Therefore, various parameters of the community can be estimated by Bayesian belief networks (Gallardo, 2022). Stakeholders’ opinions are dynamic because they are influenced by contextual factors and other stakeholders (Steils et al., 2021). The study also intended to simulate the dynamics. There are many variables in stakeholders’ interactions that are influenced over time. Each stakeholder, also called the agent, has an opinion on each variable, so in interactions, stakeholders are influenced by their own opinions and those of others (Cape et al., 2018).Materials and MethodsThe current study aimed to create a structure for the beliefs of tourism stakeholders on the basis of tourists’ wishes and needs. Therefore, Bayesian belief networks, as a kind of causal network based on conditional probability theory, were used in this research. In the next step, the research employed opinion dynamics which is a subset of agent-based methods in the field of simulation. Agent-based methods, though recommended, are less addressed in the field of tourism. The data was collected by administering the questionnaire to 540 stakeholders in Iran during 2019, 2020, and 2021. The population of the stakeholders consisted of five classes including 265 hotels and accommodation centers, 170 tourism companies, 85 bus companies, 15 airlines, and 5 railway companies. The stratified sampling method was used to select the research participants.Results and DiscussionBy generating a joint probability distribution function for the variables governing the beliefs of the Iranian tourism stakeholders, the research integrated the beliefs into a coherent mathematical structure. In practice, this equation represented a kind of causal network structure that can answer different questions with the advantage that it can be retrained to be used to create a more updated distribution function when new data is entered. Relying on the agent-based method of opinion dynamics, the study simulated the future behavior of tourism stakeholders. The simulation showed what behaviors can be useful in attracting tourists, what behaviors are not in line with protecting the environment, and what behaviors can be suitable or unsuitable for attracting female tourists.ConclusionThe research was designed to use the methods separately in order to avoid increasing the complexity of the research process due to the simultaneous use of diverse and powerful tools. Therefore, it is possible for researchers to use each of the methods independently. In addition, the obtained results are useful, diverse, and practical, and suggest the suitability and further use of agent-based methods (e.g., opinion dynamics) in the tourism research
Aidin Tajzadeh-Namin; Abolfazl Tajzadeh-Namin; kambiz niknam
Abstract
Nowadays, sport tourism has greatly expanded to include a wide range ofactivities, based on which, by arranging facilities and considering themarketing approaches, this type of tourism can be developed in Iran andin the Ardabil province particularly. Despite the importance of sporttourism, yet no serious ...
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Nowadays, sport tourism has greatly expanded to include a wide range ofactivities, based on which, by arranging facilities and considering themarketing approaches, this type of tourism can be developed in Iran andin the Ardabil province particularly. Despite the importance of sporttourism, yet no serious study has taken place in this respect in thementioned province or in Iran at all. Since sport tourism is a new conceptin Iran’s tourism industry and Ardabil province, so the important issue ishow to utilize these opportunities and capabilities in a right manner fromthe marketing perspective. In line of what was said above, in thisopportunity, it is attempted to review the sport tourism, and in themeanwhile, to investigate the perspective of domestic sport tourists aboutsport tourism marketing mix, and to develop an appropriate patternaccordingly. This is a descriptive – survey study, from the researchmethod perspective. Data are gathered through secondary and primarysources. The target population of the study are the domestic tourists whohave travelled to Ardebil, Meshkin Shahr and Sar' e Ein cities, which arethe major sport tourism centers of Ardebil province. Therefore, aquestionnaire was designed based on the personal and behavioralcharacteristics of the tourists and the 8 P’s of sport tourism marketingmix; afterwards, the questionnaires were distributed among 110 sporttourists by means of accidental sampling method. Appropriate analysiswere made for each of the marketing mix components by utilizingdifferent statistical tests namely, Kolmogrov - Smirnov, Binomialdistribution, one sample T- test and Friedman test. In general, results ofFriedman test shows that there were weaknesses regarding to thecomponents of “productivity and quality”, “process” and “place andtime” according to priority. Also based on the findings of research amathematical pattern was developed.
saeid ardakani
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2003, , Pages 49-66
Abstract
This paper shows that it is difficult, if not impossible , to formulate policies that guarantee that tourism can be maintained for a long time without severely impacting on the environment. The analysis is purely theoretical and is based on very simple and general assumptions about the interactions between ...
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This paper shows that it is difficult, if not impossible , to formulate policies that guarantee that tourism can be maintained for a long time without severely impacting on the environment. The analysis is purely theoretical and is based on very simple and general assumptions about the interactions between the three main components of the system: the tourists, the environment , and the capital. Agreat part of the challenge of modeling interactions between natural and social processes in tourism planning has to do with the fact that processes in these systems result in complex carrying capacity behavior. Most attempts to measure tourism's scale and impact are linked to the concept of carrying capacity. Some authors stress the conceptual and methodological problems of measuring tourism while others search for more precise descriptions of overrun. Visitor capacity is defined as the supply of visitor opportunities that will be Hand Culture In Political Point of View ls Divided In Three Different Aspects, One Is Parachial Political Culture Second Is subjective Political Culture . And The Third Is Participation on Political Culture Which Is Most Effecting In Tourism Industry Development. In Overall In Tourism Progress Some Changes Is Needed In Cultural Behavior.
mohammadreza farzin; mohammad sharifi tehrani
Volume 7, Issue 18 , August 2012, , Pages 49-72
Abstract
This study pertains to the investigation of dual pricing strategy for museums entrance fees, centering on the impact of two variables of “visitors’ attitude towards museums” and “traveled distance from the tourists’ origin to destination” on visitors’ maximum ...
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This study pertains to the investigation of dual pricing strategy for museums entrance fees, centering on the impact of two variables of “visitors’ attitude towards museums” and “traveled distance from the tourists’ origin to destination” on visitors’ maximum Willingness to Pay (WTP). Applying contingent valuation method, this research aims to estimate a fair and optimal admission fee to offer to each segment of domestic and foreign visitors to the National Museum of Iran. Results manifest that domestic visitors’ WTP is negatively influenced by distance, while no significant relationship is found between these variables for foreign visitors. On the other hand, the attitude variable is significantly associated with both groups’ WTP with positive sign. According to the main findings, the mean WTP is RLS 9450 and US$ 6.31 for domestic and foreign visitors respectively, implying that the current entry fee of RLS 10000 is substantially less than what most foreign respondents stated as their maximum willingness to pay. This prompts considering a reasonable increase in the current entry fee and the practice of adopting dual pricing, whereby foreign visitors are asked to pay higher prices than domestic ones.
mehran maghsudi; mohammad alizadeh; saeed rahimi har abadi; mojtaba hadai arani
Volume 7, Issue 19 , November 2012, , Pages 49-68
Abstract
Geomorphosites and geomorphological landscape concepts have newly entered the realm of tourism and geography emphasizing the spotting of specific and valuable locations for tourism. These geomorphosites by combining cultural, historical and ecological heritage offer great potentials for development of ...
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Geomorphosites and geomorphological landscape concepts have newly entered the realm of tourism and geography emphasizing the spotting of specific and valuable locations for tourism. These geomorphosites by combining cultural, historical and ecological heritage offer great potentials for development of sustainable tourism. Kavir National Park is one of places that embody many diverse ranges of geomorphosites. In this article we attempt to assess the Geomorphotourism potentials of geomorphosites in Kavir National park, by using Pereira method and field works. Employing two criteria of scientific and complementary values, we identify the geomorphology value of the site from the tourism perspective. Also the management criterion is obtained via adding the conservation and usage values. Final value of geomorphosites is achieved through the sum of two main values mentioned above. Findings are of great significance for tourism planning and investment in tourism development. It is demonstrated that among different landforms in Kavir national park, sand dunes with the score of 14.38 own the highest value. At the end, we propose that every planning and development in tourism in this area be done with a good consideration of sustainability issues.
Fereshteh Mansouri Moayed; Mohammad Moradi; Fatemeh Mollaei
Abstract
According to the role of the customer in hospitality industry and importance of the provided quality of services, there is an increasing intense competition in the industry; hence, the recovery of failed services provides a second chance for companies to bolster their relationship with the customers, ...
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According to the role of the customer in hospitality industry and importance of the provided quality of services, there is an increasing intense competition in the industry; hence, the recovery of failed services provides a second chance for companies to bolster their relationship with the customers, consequently, high performance of frontline employees affects behavioral intentions of customers. The aim of this study is proposing a service recovery model to illustrate how having high performance in the service recovery process causes tourists’ positive word-of-mouth. The statistical population of this study is composed of tourists who stayed in one of the 5-star hotels of Shiraz and were accessible during the research. Based on the Cochran formula 384 individuals have been considered as the statistical sample. The collected data have been analyzed using SPSS 22 and smart PLS 2 software. As the results show, high level of performance in service recovery influence tourists’ word of mouth.
behrouz mohammadi Yeganeh; Mohsen Ahadnejad Reveshti; Mania Ebrahimzadeh; Mahdi Cheraghi
Volume 8, Issue 23 , November 2013, , Pages 51-69
Abstract
Alamvachini ceremony is one of the ancient ritual and local ceremonies in Shaheshahidan village in Guilan province. Despite the reception given for this ceremony from people, infrastructure and facilities are not enough for tourists who visit this event. The purpose of this study is to identify ...
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Alamvachini ceremony is one of the ancient ritual and local ceremonies in Shaheshahidan village in Guilan province. Despite the reception given for this ceremony from people, infrastructure and facilities are not enough for tourists who visit this event. The purpose of this study is to identify the effective factors on attracting tourists to Shaheshahidan village and take part in Alamvachini ceremony. This is an applied research and the method is descriptive – analytic. The study population includes all participants in the event and the sample size is calculated 322 participants using Cochran’s formula. The information has gathered usig library studies, field observation and distribution of questionnaires. For data analysis, method of factor analysis have been used. The results show that economic factors are the most important factors for the development of tourism in Shaheshahidan village. It is proposed that government and private institutes proceed to invest and cooperate to create jobs and increase tourism income that ensure the survival of the event as a cultural heritage of the province.
kamran faizi; saeid tatari
Volume 2, Issue 5 , September 2004, , Pages 53-84
Abstract
In this article the concepts of quality and customer's satisfactions in the service Industry are being discussed and a suitable Model for service quality measurement is presented. After developing the Model, priorities of necessary actions towards better service quality in Iran Air flights are calculated ...
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In this article the concepts of quality and customer's satisfactions in the service Industry are being discussed and a suitable Model for service quality measurement is presented. After developing the Model, priorities of necessary actions towards better service quality in Iran Air flights are calculated and tested according to distributed questionnaires among a random sample of passengers.
mehdi karubi
Volume 3, Issue 10 , November 2005, , Pages 53-78
Abstract
Social Planners believe that without a correct cultural understanding of societies in terms of their differences and similarities, one cannot provide an adequate plan for attracting tourists and developing tourism industry. Today, one of the most effective sources of attracting tourists , is conducting ...
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Social Planners believe that without a correct cultural understanding of societies in terms of their differences and similarities, one cannot provide an adequate plan for attracting tourists and developing tourism industry. Today, one of the most effective sources of attracting tourists , is conducting a proper cultural treatment and focusing on cultural interactions, especially folklore. Folklore as a component of cultural in asset in Iran is considered as an opportunity in the development of tourism industry. Using a library and document processing technique and considering available theoretical arguments and empirical studies, this paper analyzes three fields of folklore, development and tourism and the relationship among them, with a special attention to the Iranian society. The findings suggest that Iran with a rich cultural civilization enjoys a variety of folklore in its geographical arena and can potentially motivate foreign tourists to visit tourism destinations and contribute to the development of this industry. However, since in traditional developing societies folklore is of great importance, this opportunity may sometimes be converted to a threat and thus necessitates a careful planning.
believed to hava an adverse effect on the environment, therefore,it can be neither effective nor efficient.Analysis of the attitudes of visitors and local community towards the importance of protecting this wildlife refuge and tourism development is the other outcome of this survey. Finally, strategies to implement an effective management system in protected areas have been proposed.
gholamreza kazemian; elham azadi
Abstract
This article is about the capability of urban tourism development in central district of Tehran with the urban management approach, dealing with a primary question about evaluation of urban tourism development capabilities of city-central districts and secondary questions about traits and capabilities ...
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This article is about the capability of urban tourism development in central district of Tehran with the urban management approach, dealing with a primary question about evaluation of urban tourism development capabilities of city-central districts and secondary questions about traits and capabilities of central district of Tehran. This research is a qualitative study, using “grounded theory” method as a tool for gathering and analysis of the data. Data has been collected through deep interviews and field observations. Our sample study is comprised of 31 urban actives that were selected by means of aimed sampling in four groups: state section, private section, public section, and citizens. Results drawn from the paradigm model show that urban tourism in central district of Tehran has not been developed enough to fulfill its capabilities. The Solution proposed is changing the economic central district to cultural central district. In this paper the present position of central district of Tehran and its probable ideal position have been shown in a three-dimensional model; and a pattern composed of both culture-based and economics-based tourism development has been recognized as a suitable pattern for actualizing tourism development potentials in central district of Tehran.
