Fatemeh Kazemiyeh
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of the residents of the region towards tourism and the factors affecting this attitude based on the theory of social exchange. The present study has investigated the attitude and support of the beneficiaries of tourism. In terms of the research ...
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The main purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of the residents of the region towards tourism and the factors affecting this attitude based on the theory of social exchange. The present study has investigated the attitude and support of the beneficiaries of tourism. In terms of the research method, this study is a descriptive-correlation and applied type of research that uses structural equation modeling and has been carried out using the causal-relational method and covariance-variance matrix analysis. In terms of the method of collecting and receiving information, this research is in the field of field studies. The statistical population of the research was the heads of households (local people) in the villages of East Azerbaijan province in Iran. According to the investigations carried out by the organizations in charge of rural tourism in East Azerbaijan Province, such as the Tourism and Cultural Heritage Organization and the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation, as well as field observations, 20 villages were selected as sample villages, and the total number of households in this the number of villages was estimated to be 4669. Using Cochran's relationship, the number of 355 heads of households from local people was selected as the statistical sample of the study. In this study, a multi-stage sampling method was used. Based on this, first of all, the studied villages were selected from the rural areas of East Azarbaijan province, taking into account a series of defining characteristics and indicators, including the presence of national and international registered works, the presence of a traditional texture, or a special architectural style, or a cultural ceremony. A number of 20 villages were selected as sample villages, and then a stratified sampling method with proportional allocation was used. In the final stage, through the use of a simple random sampling method, the head of the household was visited in person, the necessary information was collected, and the questionnaire was completed. Became Average Variance Extracted (AVE) was used to determine the validity of the measurement tool. The results showed the validity of the measurement tool (0.74-0.97). Composite reliability was used to determine the reliability of the research tool. The results showed the reliability of the measurement tool (0.93-0.99). The results of residents' opinions about causal relationships between tourism development variables indicated that a positive and significant causal relationship between personal benefit and understanding the positive effects of tourism, between personal benefit and satisfaction, between understanding the positive effects of tourism and satisfaction, between understanding There have been positive effects of tourism and support for tourism development, between satisfaction and support for tourism development. There is a negative and significant causal relationship between personal benefit and understanding the negative effects of tourism, understanding the negative effects of tourism, and satisfaction between understanding the negative effects and supporting the development of tourism. The results of the study, while confirming the theory of social exchange, determined what structures in support of tourism development should be considered in tourism development planning.
Introduction
The participation of people in society is often considered one of the most necessary factors in national development. Also, in the matter of tourism, the support and participation of the local community are very decisive in the field of destination management planning and achieving written planning so that both the host community and the guest community are completely satisfied. Based on this, the support and participation of the host community in the sustainable development of tourism is important and necessary. In line with the development of tourism in different destinations, the way of life of the host community may be affected by structural changes in the tourism industry. Factors such as changes in the local economy, social changes, cultural changes, and environmental changes in a tourism destination can be mentioned in the results of tourism development. Therefore, planning for tourism in rural areas should be based on the goals and priorities of the residents.
Materials and Methods
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of the residents of the region towards tourism and the factors affecting this attitude based on the theory of social exchange. The present study has investigated the attitude and support of the beneficiaries of tourism. In terms of the research method, this study is a descriptive-correlation and applied type of research that uses structural equation modeling and has been carried out using the causal-relational method and covariance-variance matrix analysis. In terms of the method of collecting and receiving information, this research is in the field of field studies. The statistical population of the research was the heads of households (local people) in the villages of East Azerbaijan province in Iran. According to the investigations carried out by the organizations in charge of rural tourism in East Azerbaijan Province, such as the Tourism and Cultural Heritage Organization and the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation, as well as field observations, 20 villages were selected as sample villages, and the total number of households in this the number of villages was estimated to be 4669. Using Cochran's relationship, the number of 355 heads of households from local people was selected as the statistical sample of the study. In this study, a multi-stage sampling method was used. Based on this, first of all, the studied villages were selected from the rural areas of East Azarbaijan province, taking into account a series of defining characteristics and indicators, including the presence of national and international registered works, the presence of a traditional texture, or a special architectural style, or a cultural ceremony. A number of 20 villages, were selected as sample villages and then a stratified sampling method with proportional allocation was used. In the final stage, through the use of a simple random sampling method, the head of the household was visited in person, the necessary information was collected, and the questionnaire was completed. Became Average Variance Extracted (AVE) was used to determine the validity of the measurement tool. The results showed the validity of the measurement tool (0.74-0.97). Composite reliability was used to determine the reliability of the research tool. The results showed the reliability of the measurement tool (0.93-0.99).
Discussion and Results
The opinions of residents regarding causal relationships between tourism development variables indicate that:
There has been a positive and significant causal relationship between personal benefit and understanding the positive effects of tourism.
There has been a negative and significant causal relationship between personal benefit and understanding the adverse effects of tourism.
A positive and significant causal relationship has existed between personal benefit and satisfaction.
4There has been a positive and significant causal relationship between understanding the positive effects of tourism and satisfaction.
There has been a negative and significant causal relationship between understanding the adverse effects of tourism and satisfaction.
6. A positive and significant causal relationship has existed between understanding tourism’s positive effects and supporting tourism’s development.
7. There has been a positive and significant causal relationship between satisfaction and support for tourism development.
A negative and significant causal relationship has existed between understanding the adverse effects and supporting tourism development.
Conclusions
While confirming the theory of social exchange, the study’s results determined what structures are included in supporting the development of tourism that should be considered in planning the development of tourism. Overall, this study confirms the relationship between personal benefit from tourism and residents' understanding of the effects of tourism and their support for tourism development in the study area, and residents have a great desire to get involved and participate in tourism development programs. Promoting positive effects, reducing adverse effects, and educating of the local community can significantly affect their attitude and increase their support for tourism development.
Aliakbar Gholizadeh; Shahla Samadipour
Abstract
As a Labor-intensive industry, tourism helps to improve the economy through employment in tourist destinations, infrastructure development, maintaining financial resources, revitalizing historical and new tourist places, and better understanding of the world's people from each other. The mentioned factors ...
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As a Labor-intensive industry, tourism helps to improve the economy through employment in tourist destinations, infrastructure development, maintaining financial resources, revitalizing historical and new tourist places, and better understanding of the world's people from each other. The mentioned factors can lead to higher economic growth of the host countries and increase investment in other economic sectors. The housing sector is one of the sectors affected by increased economic growth. Thus, this article aims to analyze the effect of foreign tourism development on housing prices in Iran from the first quarter of 2012 to the first quarter of 2021. For this purpose, the number of foreign tourists entering the country as an indicator for the development of tourism and the variables of dollar price, population, the number of highways under the protection of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development, and the number of issued building permits were considered as control variables. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used for estimation. The estimation results showed that the number of foreign tourists negatively affected Iran’s housing prices during the studied period. Dollar price, population, and the number of highways under the protection of the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development positively affect housing prices, and the number of building permits issued hurts housing prices.IntroductionTourism is an industry with social, cultural, and economic dimensions that affect countries’ economic development. If properly planned and managed, this industry can increase production and economic growth, improve society’s standard of living and welfare, and employ production factors. Despite its political conflicts and economic sanctions, international visitors are drawn to Iran because of its four distinct seasons, ancient and historical landmarks, ethnic groups, and diverse cultures and customs. Iran’s economy is currently confronted with a scarcity of foreign exchange resources, on the one hand, attributable to its reliance on crude exports and the singular nature of its product, and on the other, the imposition of foreign sanctions and the pronounced risk associated with investing in the country. Tourism development is one factor that can contribute to currency earnings and mitigate issues resulting from currency deficiency. However, apart from its critical role in ensuring shelter, the housing sector assumes a heightened significance owing to the inefficiency of financial markets in Iran and the substantial return that can be obtained from housing investments.For this reason, to effectively plan and manage the housing sector, it is critical to identify the variables that influence housing prices, such as the growth of the tourism industry. This article’s primary objective is to answer the inquiry regarding the impact of tourism development on housing prices in Iran. In contrast to the majority of studies conducted in the field of the relationship between housing and tourism in Iran, which have frequently examined the impact of tourism on the cost of land or housing in a specific city or village, the current study focuses on the overall influx of tourists into the country. It is evaluated nationally, and its impact on housing prices is assessed at the macro level. An additional innovation of the article is the analysis of short-term and long-term relationships, which can result in more precise policy recommendations for distinct periods. Literature ReviewRecent socioeconomic changes, including the accumulation of wealth, an increase in permanent income, a rise in the value of leisure time, and an increase in the number of retirees with disposable income and time, have increased the demand for housing intended for recreation, according to Biagi et al. (2015). Moreover, notwithstanding the tax advantages, the demand for housing intended for recreational and vacation purposes has been augmented by the emergence of the global real estate market, which facilitates the process of acquiring housing abroad. Additionally, many international visitors travel to invest in the local real estate market; thus, some of these tourists may contribute to increased real estate demand. Cró, S., & Martins (2023), in research titled “Does tourism activity influence the dynamics of housing prices? Evidence for countries dependent on tourism,” examining the effects of tourism over the period 2000-2018 using the vector error correction model (VECM), analyzed housing prices in eight countries that are significant in the tourism industry. Results indicated that tourism development has a positive and statistically significant impact on housing prices over the short- and long-term. Methodology In order to examine the impact of foreign tourism growth on housing prices in Iran, the present study employs the model proposed by Kariş & Altintaş (2021): (1)The dependent variable in Equation 1 is denoted as and represents the housing price per square meter in thousand Rials. The primary independent variable of foreign tourism development is denoted as . Additional independent variables consist of the subsequent: is dollar price, is population as the quantity of people, is the number of building permits issued for construction, and is the number of highways protected by the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development. The present study’s analysis uses the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) method.ResultsOne can estimate the model and interpret the outcomes by considering diagnostic test results’ long-term and short-term desirability. Table 1 displays the outcomes of Model estimation conducted using the ARDL method over the short- and long-term. Based on the data presented in the table, it is evident that housing prices in Iran experienced a decline from 2012Q2 to 2021Q2. The growth of international tourism has been correlated with a decrease in housing costs. Dollar price, population size, and the number of highways protected by the Ministry of Roads and Urban Development positively affect housing prices, and the number of building permits issues hurt housing prices. On the other hand, the error correction coefficient is equal to -0.157. It is significant at the 95% confidence level, which indicates the adjustment of approximately 16% of short-term disequilibrium towards the long-term trend.
Tourism planning
hamid reza gohar rostami; Mojtaba Nakheinezhad; Yasamansadat Asl ahmadi
Abstract
Recreational-sports tourism as a branch of tourism can stimulate sustainable economic, social, and cultural development in the region. Gilan Province has an excellent potential to attract tourists with many tourist attractions and suitable weather conditions. Therefore, based on the fishbone diagram, ...
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Recreational-sports tourism as a branch of tourism can stimulate sustainable economic, social, and cultural development in the region. Gilan Province has an excellent potential to attract tourists with many tourist attractions and suitable weather conditions. Therefore, based on the fishbone diagram, this research investigated the quality barriers of leisure-sports tourism in Gilan Province. The research employed a descriptive-survey and practical approach conducted through field methods. The statistical population comprised recreational and sports tourists in Gilan Province, with a sample of 223 individuals selected through convenient sampling. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire utilizing a 5-point Likert scale. Ten physical education professors and experts confirmed face and content validity. The tool's reliability was established through Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α=0.93) and construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory). Data modeling and analysis were conducted using (PLS4) and (SPSS22) software. The findings revealed that, from the perspective of recreational and sports tourists in Gilan Province, the most significant obstacles among the seven dimensions (transportation and route, accommodation, return home, qualification and license, destination, activities, and reception and information) were identified as return home (5.50), destination (4.92), and residence (4.26). On the other hand, reception and information (2.86), qualification and licenses (3.25), and activities (3.54) were perceived as the least significant obstacles. Consequently, organizers and officials of recreational and sports tourism tours in Gilan Province should prioritize addressing these obstacles in each sector to enhance the overall quality of tourism experiences.IntroductionIn the contemporary era, tourism is pivotal in capturing widespread societal attention and representing a cornerstone of any country's economy. The tourism industry encompasses diverse dimensions, including recreational, medical, cultural, social, sports, religious, commercial, and political tourism, progressing rapidly. Sports tourism, formed by the integration of 'sports' and 'tourism,' is a particularly noteworthy type. In essence, sports become a crucial and almost constant activity for travelers, woven into the fabric of tourism experiences. Sports tourism entails journeys undertaken for non-commercial reasons, officially or unofficially, focusing on recreation or sports spectatorship. It encourages athlete participation, involves sporting or recreational events, occurs in the short term, and may unfold within or outside the country. In service industries such as tourism, the role of quality is paramount. The fishbone diagram serves as a valuable tool for quality management, systematically linking undesirable quality features of products or services to materials, processes, and methods for improvement. A cause-and-effect diagram is a precise tool to identify the root causes of organizational problems and obstacles by illustrating cause-and-effect relationships. With the increasing prominence of the tourism industry in sports, substantial academic research has been conducted. However, a more fruitful avenue may involve examining this field comparatively among countries with more advanced sports tourism practices. To comprehend the economic and revenue-generating aspects of the tourism industry, particularly in Gilan Province, renowned for its climatic diversity, historical attractions, and natural beauty, it attracts over five million visitors annually. Hence, this study focuses on the quality of the sports tourism industry, posing the main research question: What dimensions influence the quality of sports tourism in Gilan Province, and what are the obstacles within each dimension?MethodologyThis study aimed to investigate the quality barriers of recreational sports tourism in Gilan Province using the fishbone diagram. The research employed a descriptive and practical survey conducted through field methods. The statistical population comprised recreational and sports tourists in Gilan Province, with a sample of 223 individuals selected through convenient sampling. The research tool was a researcher-made questionnaire utilizing a five-point Likert scale. Ten physical education professors and experts confirmed face and content validity. The tool's reliability was established through Cronbach's alpha coefficient (α=0/93) and construct validity (exploratory and confirmatory). Data modeling and analysis were conducted using (PLS4) and (SPSS22) software.ResultsTo validate the factor structure of the questionnaire investigating obstacles to the quality of recreational-sports tourism in Gilan Province, two methods—exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis—were employed, guided by the cause-and-effect diagram. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test revealed that the significance level of all components in both leagues is less than 0/05 (α), signaling a non-normal data distribution. Consequently, non-parametric tests and structural equation modeling using Smart PLS version four were employed for testing statistical hypotheses related to them. Three types of validity (content validity, convergent validity (AVE), and discriminant validity) were utilized to confirm the validity of the measurement tool. Content validity was established through expert surveys, and questionnaire reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability coefficients. The measurement tool demonstrates adequate validity (content, convergent, and discriminant) and reliability, and the fit of the structural model of the research was confirmed. Results of the Friedman test indicated a significant difference between the effective dimensions of the obstacles to the quality of recreational and sports tourism. The priority of the obstacles, in order, includes returning home (5/50), destination (4/92), accommodation (4/26), transportation and route (3/67), activities (3/54), qualifications and permits (3/25), and information and reception (2/86). DiscussionIn light of Figure 5, which highlights the significance of all seven dimensions—transportation and route, accommodation, return home, qualifications and permits, destination, activities, and reception and information—strategic planning by relevant managers is crucial. Utilizing insights from factor analysis and the fishbone diagram, managers can prioritize these dimensions and allocate resources, emphasizing investments in human resources and infrastructure and enhancing the physical environment. Giving special attention to visual aspects, coupled with effective executive management, holds the potential to effectively address and eliminate the identified obstacles, thereby elevating the quality of recreational sports tourism.
tourism management
Faeze sadat Mirfakhraddini; Milad Ebrahimi; Farzaneh Jandaghi ardakani
Abstract
In the economy, financial resources are critical. The fact that financial resources are limited and affect the number of operations is undeniable. All parts are related to financial operations. Therefore, correctly allocating financial assets is critical in modern business, especially tourism. Considering ...
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In the economy, financial resources are critical. The fact that financial resources are limited and affect the number of operations is undeniable. All parts are related to financial operations. Therefore, correctly allocating financial assets is critical in modern business, especially tourism. Considering the location of the accommodation sector in the tourism industry, it is essential to pay attention to the financial performance of the hotels. In the present study, after examining the background of research and surveying industry and university experts, financial indicators related to hotels in Yazd Province have been identified, the data has been analyzed using the importance-performance matrix, and suggestions have been made to improve their situation. The results show that none of the criteria identified are in the critical area. Criteria such as the risk of financial bankruptcy, macro-economic growth, employment rates, direct income from the hotels primary income, the improvement of the hotel's human resources in making profits, and cash reserves such as cash it should be taken into account and hotel managers should focus on maintaining the status of these criteria.
Introduction
Iran’s economy is a single-product economy that relies on oil revenues. Therefore, the tourism industry is one of the sectors that can contribute to eliminating a single-product economy based on mineral resources (Khoshnevis Yazdi et al., 2017). The hotel sector is also essential to the tourism industry, significantly contributing to countries’ economic growth (Babajee et al., 2020). However, little attention has been paid to the performance criteria for improving the hotel’s performance (Bangchokdee & Mia, 2016). Therefore, managers in this industry should use the necessary management tools to ensure better results and prevent poor performance (Arasli, 2012). Generally, the company’s performance consists of operational, financial, and organizational performance (Zhang et al., 2021). Therefore, considering the importance of the hotel sector in the tourism industry and the growing trend of the tourism industry in Iran, paying attention to the performance of hotels, especially financial performance and financial indicators affecting hotels, can improve hotel efficiency. It also helps hotel managers increase the financial performance of their hotel management by identifying and analyzing the performance of indicators that affect the financial performance of hotels and making them financially efficient in the hotel sector. Therefore, it is essential to identify and analyze the indicators that affect the financial performance of hotels.
Materials and Methods
The primary purpose of the research is to identify the indicators that affect the financial performance of hotels and classification and determine their relative importance in the hotel industry of Yazd Province. The scope of this research is Yazd Province hotels. This article consists of two sections: In the first stage, by studying the background of the research and survey of experts, indicators expected to affect the financial performance of the hotels were identified. In the second stage of the research, a questionnaire was made available to the respondents to measure the importance of each factor and their performance in hotels. Then, the relative importance of the indicators was determined using the performance-importance analysis method.
Discussion and Results
The results of this research showed that first, by studying the background of research and survey of experts, financial criteria in the hotel industry are in six general categories, which include risk index, efficiency-activity, economic, debt, profitability, and liquidity, which hotel owners should always consider. Also, to identify effective criteria for improving hotel performance, criteria can be divided into four groups:
Group 1: Criteria in the critical area have no criteria in this area.
Group 2: Factors in the low-priority area include liquidity from the source of investment and the risk of non-receipt of claims.
Group 3: Criteria in the reduced area include the risk of exchange rate fluctuations, the risk of instability in the price of hotel equipment, quick response to competitive changes and market changes, the effect of assets on hotel revenues, gross domestic product, capital financing from debt, hotel debt financing, tax, low-interest facilities, profits from indirect income from the local, except for the primary operations of the hotel, capital growth, liquidity from current accounts and lateral investment.
Group 4: Criteria for continuity of high status, including the risk of financial bankruptcy, macroeconomic growth, employment rates, direct income from hotel income (room rental), improvement of hotel human resources in making profits, and cash reserves.
Conclusions
The research findings aim to boost hotels, policymakers, and decision-makers to promote the growth of the hotel industry by facilitating the arrival of foreign tourists, encouraging domestic people to travel, and eliminating economic barriers. Hiring a highly efficient, skilled workforce and solving the liquidity shortage in managed hotels is also a solution. In addition, hotel managers should be able to improve and expand their business by creating investment opportunities for hotels. Also, the risk of exchange rate fluctuations and instability in the price of hotel equipment are of low importance. In addition, the rapid response to competitive changes and market changes in hotels in Yazd province is of low importance, which can be attributed to the need for more competitiveness of the hotel industry in Yazd Province
Tourism planning
Somayeh Jahantigh mand
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to investigate geo-tourism and geological protection strategies. The present research is applied in terms of purpose, and its method is combined (qualitative and quantitatively). The data collection and information collection tool and structured interview are structured. ...
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The purpose of this study is to investigate geo-tourism and geological protection strategies. The present research is applied in terms of purpose, and its method is combined (qualitative and quantitatively). The data collection and information collection tool and structured interview are structured. The statistical population of various experts has been in the relevant field of study in Lorestan Province. Seventy experts were selected by using a targeted sampling method. The unlimited exploration (Johannon method) test was used to identify and connect the strategies to geo-tourism elements of quality performance (QFD). The results of the study led to the identification of 36 strategies. So, 1) the most relevant strategies are those for protecting mountain landscapes, preserving national geo-parks and reserves, managing geographical heritage and documenting landscapes, introducing the economic values of geographical landscapes, and preventing pollution of the environmental and natural resources with the element of geographical perspective/geo-tourism. 2) Preserving land and preventing misuse of land, revitalizing geo-sites and damaged geological processes, ensuring the resiliency of tourist sites against natural disasters, introducing geological attractions and phenomena, and introducing geo-tourism areas with the highest geological background that have a relationship with geological processes. 3) Investment Strategies for the Construction of Infrastructure Facilities in the Geo-Citizens, drawing access routes to tourism attractions, using local customs and lifestyle in connection with the preservation of natural resources, and increasing public awareness to preserve the environment more closely related to tourism heritage have had the results of the oriented for the development of geo-tourism in Lorestan led to the identification of three types of short-term, medium and long-term orientation. Finally, recommendations and suggestions were made to achieve the goals of geo-tourism.
Introduction
The development of geo-tourism has many functions for local communities and is one of the appropriate solutions to deal with the problems of livelihood and unemployment. From the geocultural point of view, geo-tourism is considered a new way to develop less developed societies due to its economic efficiency. Although geo-tourism development has many benefits, the competitiveness of geo-tourism destinations and solving geo-tourism challenges and risks depends on several factors, including resources, demand conditions, management, marketing, and formulation of strategies for the destination. Developing a geo-tourism development strategy enables tourists to discover geo-sites, landscapes, and cultures and enjoy unique experiences of knowledge and sustainable development. In addition, formulating appropriate strategies can help improve the quality of life in the local community and turn destinations and areas with tourist attractions into a sustainable society. Also, developing geo-tourism strategies is a fundamental step in protecting the land and creating priorities in the management of tourist sites. Understanding and protecting landscapes, geology and geomorphology, geographic heritage, and experience of different features of geo-tourism are also promoted by formulating appropriate strategies. Therefore, it is necessary and necessary to identify the paths, strategies, and strategies of geo-tourism development to solve the challenges and sustainability of this type of tourism activities and future-oriented planning for its development.
Research Methodology
The purpose of this research is practical, and its method is combined (quantitative and qualitative). Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to collect information and data. Theoretical studies and the theoretical basis of the research were collected using the document-library method. This research collected information and data related to strategies for developing geo-tourism and geographical heritage in Lorestan Province through a Likert Scale questionnaire. The statistical community includes experts in various fields such as geography, tourism management, economics, social sciences, and sociology, as well as tourism specialists and elites/tour managers in Lorestan Province. Seventy samples were selected to complete the questionnaire and conduct interviews using purposeful sampling.
Statistical methods (descriptive and inferential) were used to answer the research questions and analyze the data. In order to identify strategies and strategies for the development of geo-tourism in Lorestan Province, strategies and strategies for the protection of geo-tourism and geographical heritage were first identified through interviews and content analysis, and to determine the importance and prioritization of these strategies, an unlimited clustering rank test was used. Heuristic (Johansen method) was used. Then, the quality function mevelopment model (QFD) was used to investigate the importance and relationship of each geo-tourism development strategy and strategies with the critical elements of geo-tourism (geographic landscape, geological processes, tourism cultural heritage).
Findings
The exploratory unlimited co-accumulation rank test (Johansen's method) was used to investigate and analyze geo-tourism development strategies in Lorestan Province. In this test, according to special values (numerical value), while identifying and discovering the most important strategies, they can be ranked. For this, 33 strategies/strategies were considered and analyzed.
Examining the Johanson test, according to the rejection of the null hypothesis at the 0.001 level, the test’s significance is considered among the 36 strategies for analyzing development strategies and strategies of geo-tourism and geographical heritage. It showed that, in order and according to the unique values, ten strategies and strategies for the protection of landscapes and mountain landscapes, waterfalls, springs, forests, pastures, and all-natural landscapes with a unique value (0.131), preserving land resources, and preventing the abuse of land resources related to tourism with a unique value (0.126), capital and investment attraction in the cultural sector and the education of native people and the promotion of tourism infrastructure with a unique value (0.123), determining the paths of development and preservation of geo-parks, national parks or reserves with a unique value (0.117), Construction of infrastructure facilities in the geo-site environment (road, residence, internet) with a unique value (0.113), restoration of the geo-site, and damaged geological processes with a special value (0.111) have been the most critical development strategies of geo-tourism and geographical heritage.
Examining the Johanson test according to the rejection of the null hypothesis at the 0.005 level, the significance of the test showed that out of 36 strategies, ten strategies for preparing and increasing the resilience of tourism sites against natural and earth-building disasters (erosion, drift, creep) with a unique value (0.087) Increasing public awareness to participate in the environmental protection and tourism program with a unique value (0.084), environmental education of managers and local people and tourists themselves (0.079), recognizing and introducing the attractions and geological phenomena of the region to Tourists with a unique value (0.078), the most important critical and development strategies are geo-tourism and geographical heritage.
Discussion and results
Lorestan Province in the west of the country is known as the geo-tourism capital due to its prominent cultural and local values, pristine and natural landscapes in the high Zagros, various waterfalls (it is nicknamed the land of waterfalls), and mountainous and important geological features. However, in recent years, tourism in this province has been declining after the spread of the coronavirus pandemic.
The research results showed that in addition to the strategies and strategies for developing geo-tourism in Lorestan Province, the direction of future development and the prospect of geo-tourism development in Lorestan Province also needed to be developed. Based on the results, orientations have been presented in three short-term and present, medium-term, and long-term periods. So, the short-term orientation is more related to the development of geo-tourism products, the introduction of tourist attractions, and the protection of ecosystems, while the mid-term orientation is more related to investment in construction facilities and the development of geo-tourism facilities and infrastructures. And the expansion and cross-border development of geo-tourism in Lorestan Province. According to the findings, the general results of the research indicate that for the development of geo-tourism in Lorestan Province, development strategies should be used to diversify tourism types, develop unique geo-tourism products, and use geo-tourism tour programs. Be focused on these leaders. Also, the provided orientations can be used to complete the infrastructure, accommodation, and services in the tourist destination, education, and improvement and development of geo-tourism based on plans related to strategies and orientations.
tourism management
Alireza Asadzadeh; Mohammad Sadegh Sharifirad; Mohammad Shaker Ardakani
Abstract
Due to the expansion of the tourism and hotel industry and the role of leadership quality in the promotion and successful development of this industry, several studies have been conducted on this statistical population, considering the specific environmental conditions. Also, recent research has presented ...
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Due to the expansion of the tourism and hotel industry and the role of leadership quality in the promotion and successful development of this industry, several studies have been conducted on this statistical population, considering the specific environmental conditions. Also, recent research has presented a direct, positive, and meaningful relationship between authentic leadership, organizational success, growth, and emergence in the tourism sector. This research aims to investigate the impact of authentic leadership on employees’ thriving at work in the hotel industry, considering the moderating role of organizational politics. A quantitative method (correlation type of structural equation modeling) was used in this regard. The statistical population of the research was hotel employees, and after determining the sample size by G*POWER and distributing questionnaires, 349 complete questionnaires were collected from hotel employees in Shiraz. Initially, reliability and validity were investigated using AMOS software and then the hypotheses were tested using SPSS software and the Process module. The results indicated a positive and significant relationship between authentic leadership and thriving at work, and organizational politics was a significant moderator in that when organizational politics perception was high, the positive effect of authentic leadership on employees’ thriving at work increased. This important finding shows that high organizational politics in organizations adds to the importance of an authentic leader’s positive impact on followers’ thriving at work.
Introduction
In the last decade, the discussion of leadership has always been one of the topics of interest to management and organizational behavior thinkers because, in success or failure, the tip of the arrow of attention has been pointed toward them (Amankwaa et al., 2022). One of the influential factors in achieving the success and prosperity of the employees at work and organizational well-being is the correct use of the leadership style appropriate to the existing situation in the organization. In this regard, using an authentic leadership style can bring us closer to this goal. slow down (Surucu, 2022).
Industry leaders in the tourism sector have predicted that the share of GDP in this sector will increase by fifty percent (Warokka et al., 2020). Furthermore, the social growth model presented by Spreitzer et al. (2012) provided a theoretical foundation for examining authentic leadership to achieve success at work. They stated that individual and organizational factors influence success at work, and these two factors will cause success in employees' work by satisfying basic psychological needs. Success at work a psychological state in which a person experiences vitality and learning. (Fang et al., 2021).
The relationship between leadership and an organization's outputs is dependent on its environment. One variable that describes the organization's environment is organizational policy. Organizational politics is a process of social influence in which behavior is strategically designed to maximize personal interests in the short or long term at the expense of the interests of others. (Cho & Yang, 2018).
This research contributes to the knowledge of authentic leadership and work success in several ways. After considering organizational politics moderation, it was shown that the presence of this variable in the organization affects the desired relationship.
Literature Review
In internal studies, research about authentic leadership and its impact on success in work with the role of organizational politics as a moderator has yet to be investigated.
The authors' review of the background of research in foreign studies also showed that there is more diversity in the topics and titles of foreign research than in domestic studies. One reason for this is the long history of recognition of authentic leadership in international studies.
Methodology
Considering that in this research, the researcher seeks to apply the research results and help identify the variable effect of authentic leadership on success at work, this research is of an applied type in terms of its purpose. Also, because the current research deals with the study of what exists according to the research literature and with the help of the background of the conducted research and related books, in terms of the research method, it is a descriptive survey and the research design is quantitative with the correlation method. It is a type of structural equation modeling.
The statistical population included the employees of hotels in Shiraz metropolis (21 hotels), and finally, 349 complete questionnaires were collected according to the sample size determined by G*Power software.
Results
The present research has investigated the relationship between authentic leadership and success at work, considering the moderating role of organizational politics. In the first hypothesis, the research findings showed a significant positive relationship between authentic leadership and success at work. This means that employees’ success will increase using of an authentic leadership style. This finding is in line with the research results of (2016) Mortier et al. (2019) Wu & Chen and (2021) Iqbal et al. In general, research shows that authentic leaders, due to the transparency they show and show their true selves, incline followers towards them and influence their performance (Wang et al., 2021). An authentic leader directs employees by applying discipline, rules, and rigid procedures. This leadership style influences employees to achieve self-fulfillment at work (Iqbal et al., 2021). In addition, authentic leaders create empathy for their employees by applying the desired style in the organization. This empathy affects employees’ well-being, learning, and strengthening, ultimately leading them to prosperity and success at work (Chang et al., 2021).
In the second hypothesis, the results of the desired hypothesis showed that organizational politics moderate the relationship between authentic leadership and success at work, which means that with the increase of organizational politics, the influence of authentic leadership increases success at work. This result is consistent with the research findings (2020) by Khuwaja et al.
Due to the competitive and ambiguous nature of political contexts, authentic leaders may be less able to motivate and satisfy followers who become distressed, quit, or become disaffected by the political disclosure of behavior by others. They become pessimistic. In addition, authentic leaders’ tendency to speak honestly and listen to different perspectives may expose them to disproportionate efforts toward performance acceptable to followers, undermining their ability to influence follower outcomes. Finally, the transparent nature of authentic leadership can reveal sensitive knowledge and elements from leaders that others can use politically. Therefore, according to the results obtained from the data analysis, the relationship between authentic leadership and success at work changes in the presence of moderating variables such as organizational politics. This means that by increasing organizational politics, the effect of authentic leadership on success at work is strengthened, and employees feel more successful at work.
Marketing economics
Yasin Qadermarzi; Mohamad rasol Almasifard; Mohsen Yarahmadi
Abstract
The world registration of the Oramanat region as the 26th World Heritage of Iran in the UNESCO organization has doubled the importance of this region from the west of the country. Considering the many capacities of the Oramanat region to attract tourists and the proper use of the world registration point ...
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The world registration of the Oramanat region as the 26th World Heritage of Iran in the UNESCO organization has doubled the importance of this region from the west of the country. Considering the many capacities of the Oramanat region to attract tourists and the proper use of the world registration point to make this region known as a tourism hub at the international level, this research aims to find the influential factors in branding the Oramanat tourism destination in the form of a model, and it is a Model. Regarding the objective type, this study is applied research conducted using a mixed exploratory method during two qualitative and quantitative stages. In the qualitative section, interviews were conducted with 15 experts in the field of tourism, including university professors, officials, and activists in this field, first in a targeted manner and then in a snowball. In the quantitative section, paired comparisons were given to the same sample people in the qualitative section of the questionnaire. Finally, a hierarchical analysis was performed to analyze the data. Based on the research findings, nine main factors were identified for the international tourism branding of Oramanat, which obtained the most points in the order of the importance of infrastructure and facilities, attraction factor, and marketing and advertising factor. Administrative, political, and legal factors, tourists and agencies, brand building, stabilization, sociocultural, and economic factors were also placed as the following priorities. Finally, according to the results of the interviews, the factor of infrastructure and facilities is the region’s weakness. The attraction factor is its strength, so it is necessary to create facilities for accommodation, healthcare, communication, and transportation in the region and should be strengthened. Oramanat’s destination brand should be created around the attractions of the region that have the necessary capacity by using various marketing and advertising methods. Holding various conferences and forming a specialized committee to develop the branding program of the region are also essential and practical suggestions for facilitating matters.IntroductionOne of the tourist areas in Iran is the Oramanat region. Due to its historical, cultural, and natural attractions, this region can be a suitable destination for attracting tourists throughout the year, effectively empowering the people and organizing the region’s economy.Since there are few essential sources of income and economy in Oramanat, tourism can be an important source of income for the people of this area.However, the expected benefits from this industry have yet to be realized for the people of Oramanat, which may be the main reason for the improper management and planning, lack of necessary facilities, and minor and limited advertising. The combination of these factors has made the majority of tourists in the region from neighboring regions and provinces, and we have yet to see much success in attracting international tourists to this region.Due to the weakness in marketing and advertising, this region has many obstacles to introducing its tourist attractions.One of the subsets of marketing is branding. If we intend to attract international tourists, destination branding will be inevitable because there is fierce competition between different destinations to attract tourists. Our destination must create, maintain, or increase its market share in this competition. Therefore, considering the increasing importance of the tourism industry and the significant impact of this industry on necessary social, economic, and cultural fields, the importance of branding to attract tourists and the potential of Oramanat region in the field of attracting international tourists and also the global registration of the region, we decided to Let us look for the answer to this question, what branding model can lead to the development of international tourism in Oramanat region?Literature ReviewAccording to the definition of the World Organization (WTO), international tourism includes the activities of visitors who temporarily leave international borders and stay in destinations other than their place of work and residence for more than 24 hours. Although international tourism is an economic activity, it creates interaction between many people. International tourism increases the demand for services and facilities. Therefore, it creates challenges and opportunities for the host country and plays a vital role in the economic development process of many countries. The host country spends more to attract this type of tourists and earns more income through visitor expenses. One of the reasons for paying more attention to international tourism than domestic tourism is the positive impact of this tourism on economic growth through the creation of foreign exchange income and job creation.A brand is a set of communications that combines the name, sign, and symbol associated with a product. Brands convey attributes and meanings designed to enhance the value of a product beyond its functional value. The brand makes the product quickly recognized and repurchased by the customer.Branding of tourist destinations has also gained considerable popularity. The battle of customers in the destination market will not be about prices but hearts and minds. Destination branding is a way to communicate that destination’s specific and unique identity by differentiating its personality from competitor destinations. The overall objective of destination branding is to contribute to the positive image of the destination by continuously reinforcing brand elements. The brand is used as a common goal for the activities of many different actors in the tourism industry.The tourism brand should specify the attractions and capabilities of the destination for tourists. In addition to creating an emotional connection between tourists and the destination, the brand will reduce the cost of tourists' research. Suppose the brand leads to presenting a positive image of the destination to the tourists. In that case, the tourists will provide the necessary grounds to attract other tourists with positive word-of-mouth advertising, and this will be effective in reducing marketing and advertising costs.MethodologyThe current research is practical in terms of its purpose. In terms of the working method, it is exploratory mixed research that was carried out in two consecutive stages, qualitative and quantitative.In the beginning and the qualitative stage, the necessary data were collected using in-depth and semi-structured interviews to identify the factors influencing the branding of the Oramanat tourist destination. Then, these data were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method, and the more conceptually related factors were placed in the same category.In the second and quantitative stage of the research, a pairwise comparison questionnaire was prepared and provided to the experts to prioritize the mentioned factors. The studied community in both qualitative and quantitative sections consist of experts, specialists, officials, and professors in the fields of management, entrepreneurship, and tourism in Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces, which include faculty members of the management and entrepreneurship department of Razi University, managers and experts Organization of cultural heritage and tourism of Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces, as well as some tourism activists in these provinces.Sampling in this research was done in a targeted manner and then by snowball. Therefore, interviews were conducted with several experts in the field of tourism until we reached theoretical saturation. Theoretical saturation was achieved with 12 interviews, which continued until 15 people to ensure more interviews.In the quantitative part, pairwise comparisons were presented to the qualitative part of the questionnaire sample to give weight and points to the identified factors. The Expert Choice software determined each factor’s final weight and score in the final step. In this research, the reliability of the research was controlled by developing a framework for the interviews, confirming the interviews, and analyzing the results. Also, interviews were conducted with people in different positions to witness pluralism among the participants. The compatibility rate index, which should be less than 0.1, was used to measure the reliability of the paired comparisons questionnaire.DiscussionReviewing the texts and interviews shows that one of the most frequent factors related to the topic of discussion is the infrastructure and facilities of the tourist destination. A destination with many tourist attractions may need proper facilities and infrastructure to attract tourists. There may need to be more than infrastructure and facilities to build a tourism brand, but their absence effectively dose not attract tourists. Naturally, when a destination does not have the most basic facilities, it will not attract tourists, so it can eventually become a tourism brand. According to the participants’ statements in the interview, the Oramanat region lacks the necessary facilities and quality infrastructure, and this issue can be a strong reason for emphasizing this factor.The second most important factor in international tourism branding is destination attractions. Indeed, this factor, like infrastructure and facilities, is not a reason for creating a tourism brand. Every destination must have attractions to attract tourists: otherwise, it will not be a tourist destination. However, using these attractions as a prominent factor in brand building is effective. Especially if these attractions are specific to that destination, the destination brand can be formed by emphasizing that unique attraction. The destination brand is formed around its special attractions. One of the positive points of the Oramanat region is the existence of various historical, natural, and cultural attractions. The attractions alone are enough to use it in the destination brand, while Oramanat is a region rich in diverse and different tourist attractions.The first two factors, which were very important, are not directly involved in the branding process, but the marketing category is tied to branding and cannot be separated. The branding process is hidden in the marketing and advertising factor by looking at the concepts of this factor. Naturally, the destination should be evaluated at the beginning of the matter, and its potential capacities should be identified. By using a variety of marketing and advertising methods, its position should be established in the eyes of tourists as customers of the destination's tourism services. It is essential to use the unique features and attractions of the destination in advertising.One of the things that the experts mentioned about this factor and that was also available in the texts is the discussion of advertising and the use of different advertising methods due to the extensive advancement of technology. Using the multiple capacities of mass communication media and taking advantage of advanced technologies will be critical in building and introducing the destination brand. Regarding the Oramanat area, only a few advertising activities have been done. If something has been done, it has been scattered and limited, which has yet to impact significantly. Other factors also speed up the branding process according to the weight they have gained, and it is necessary to pay attention to these factors and not ignore their influence.ConclusionIn general, among the above-known factors in the Oramanat region, the lack of quality infrastructure and facilities to provide services to tourists is considered a weakness, and it is necessary to plan and take adequate measures in this regard. Let the authorities do it. Various attractions in this region are also considered to have potential and strength, and it is better to evaluate these attractions and identify the attractions that can form the region’s leading brand. Then, the marketing specialists in the tourism industry design the marketing and advertising processes based on it and create the destination brand of Oramanat. It is evident that managerial, political, legal, sociocultural, and economic factors and tourists and agencies have played a significant role in forming the region’s brand, and these factors should be mobilized to play their role in branding Oramanat.
