Tourism planning
Fatemeh Kazemiyeh
Abstract
The main purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of the residents of the region towards tourism and the factors affecting this attitude based on the theory of social exchange. The present study has investigated the attitude and support of the beneficiaries of tourism. In terms of the research ...
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The main purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of the residents of the region towards tourism and the factors affecting this attitude based on the theory of social exchange. The present study has investigated the attitude and support of the beneficiaries of tourism. In terms of the research method, this study is a descriptive-correlation and applied type of research that uses structural equation modeling and has been carried out using the causal-relational method and covariance-variance matrix analysis. In terms of the method of collecting and receiving information, this research is in the field of field studies. The statistical population of the research was the heads of households (local people) in the villages of East Azerbaijan province in Iran. According to the investigations carried out by the organizations in charge of rural tourism in East Azerbaijan Province, such as the Tourism and Cultural Heritage Organization and the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation, as well as field observations, 20 villages were selected as sample villages, and the total number of households in this the number of villages was estimated to be 4669. Using Cochran's relationship, the number of 355 heads of households from local people was selected as the statistical sample of the study. In this study, a multi-stage sampling method was used. Based on this, first of all, the studied villages were selected from the rural areas of East Azarbaijan province, taking into account a series of defining characteristics and indicators, including the presence of national and international registered works, the presence of a traditional texture, or a special architectural style, or a cultural ceremony. A number of 20 villages were selected as sample villages, and then a stratified sampling method with proportional allocation was used. In the final stage, through the use of a simple random sampling method, the head of the household was visited in person, the necessary information was collected, and the questionnaire was completed. Became Average Variance Extracted (AVE) was used to determine the validity of the measurement tool. The results showed the validity of the measurement tool (0.74-0.97). Composite reliability was used to determine the reliability of the research tool. The results showed the reliability of the measurement tool (0.93-0.99). The results of residents' opinions about causal relationships between tourism development variables indicated that a positive and significant causal relationship between personal benefit and understanding the positive effects of tourism, between personal benefit and satisfaction, between understanding the positive effects of tourism and satisfaction, between understanding There have been positive effects of tourism and support for tourism development, between satisfaction and support for tourism development. There is a negative and significant causal relationship between personal benefit and understanding the negative effects of tourism, understanding the negative effects of tourism, and satisfaction between understanding the negative effects and supporting the development of tourism. The results of the study, while confirming the theory of social exchange, determined what structures in support of tourism development should be considered in tourism development planning.IntroductionThe participation of people in society is often considered one of the most necessary factors in national development. Also, in the matter of tourism, the support and participation of the local community are very decisive in the field of destination management planning and achieving written planning so that both the host community and the guest community are completely satisfied. Based on this, the support and participation of the host community in the sustainable development of tourism is important and necessary. In line with the development of tourism in different destinations, the way of life of the host community may be affected by structural changes in the tourism industry. Factors such as changes in the local economy, social changes, cultural changes, and environmental changes in a tourism destination can be mentioned in the results of tourism development. Therefore, planning for tourism in rural areas should be based on the goals and priorities of the residents.Materials and MethodsThe main purpose of this study was to investigate the attitude of the residents of the region towards tourism and the factors affecting this attitude based on the theory of social exchange. The present study has investigated the attitude and support of the beneficiaries of tourism. In terms of the research method, this study is a descriptive-correlation and applied type of research that uses structural equation modeling and has been carried out using the causal-relational method and covariance-variance matrix analysis. In terms of the method of collecting and receiving information, this research is in the field of field studies. The statistical population of the research was the heads of households (local people) in the villages of East Azerbaijan province in Iran. According to the investigations carried out by the organizations in charge of rural tourism in East Azerbaijan Province, such as the Tourism and Cultural Heritage Organization and the Islamic Revolution Housing Foundation, as well as field observations, 20 villages were selected as sample villages, and the total number of households in this the number of villages was estimated to be 4669. Using Cochran's relationship, the number of 355 heads of households from local people was selected as the statistical sample of the study. In this study, a multi-stage sampling method was used. Based on this, first of all, the studied villages were selected from the rural areas of East Azarbaijan province, taking into account a series of defining characteristics and indicators, including the presence of national and international registered works, the presence of a traditional texture, or a special architectural style, or a cultural ceremony. A number of 20 villages, were selected as sample villages and then a stratified sampling method with proportional allocation was used. In the final stage, through the use of a simple random sampling method, the head of the household was visited in person, the necessary information was collected, and the questionnaire was completed. Became Average Variance Extracted (AVE) was used to determine the validity of the measurement tool. The results showed the validity of the measurement tool (0.74-0.97). Composite reliability was used to determine the reliability of the research tool. The results showed the reliability of the measurement tool (0.93-0.99).Discussion and ResultsThe opinions of residents regarding causal relationships between tourism development variables indicate that: There has been a positive and significant causal relationship between personal benefit and understanding the positive effects of tourism. There has been a negative and significant causal relationship between personal benefit and understanding the adverse effects of tourism.A positive and significant causal relationship has existed between personal benefit and satisfaction.4There has been a positive and significant causal relationship between understanding the positive effects of tourism and satisfaction. There has been a negative and significant causal relationship between understanding the adverse effects of tourism and satisfaction.6. A positive and significant causal relationship has existed between understanding tourism’s positive effects and supporting tourism’s development.7. There has been a positive and significant causal relationship between satisfaction and support for tourism development.A negative and significant causal relationship has existed between understanding the adverse effects and supporting tourism development.Conclusions While confirming the theory of social exchange, the study’s results determined what structures are included in supporting the development of tourism that should be considered in planning the development of tourism. Overall, this study confirms the relationship between personal benefit from tourism and residents' understanding of the effects of tourism and their support for tourism development in the study area, and residents have a great desire to get involved and participate in tourism development programs. Promoting positive effects, reducing adverse effects, and educating of the local community can significantly affect their attitude and increase their support for tourism development.
tourism management
Fatemeh Nasrollahzadeh; Saeid Tabesh; Mehdi Ramezanzadeh
Abstract
This research examines the factors affecting the quality standards of accessible sports tourism in three northern provinces of Iran (Mazandaran,Gilan,Golestan).The research has an interpretive approach, exploratory aim, qualitative method and foundational data strategy based on the emergent approach. ...
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This research examines the factors affecting the quality standards of accessible sports tourism in three northern provinces of Iran (Mazandaran,Gilan,Golestan).The research has an interpretive approach, exploratory aim, qualitative method and foundational data strategy based on the emergent approach. The studied community of people with scientific and executive positions including specialists and professors in the fields of sports management, tourism, demography, familiar with the subject of research, gerontology; The staff members were in the sports, rehabilitation, and municipality committees, which were selected purposefully and with the snowball technique.The data collection method was a semi-structured interview with 18 experts.The findings showed that the effective factors in order of importance included: economic factors, knowledge and information, cultural-social factors, managerial factors, communication, and environmental factors, among which economic factors were the most important. Therefore, it is necessary for this factor to be noticed by all the trustees and related parties, especially the relevant managers
Tourism planning
Ali Movahed; Asghar Tahmasbi; Nasrein Gholamali Fard
Abstract
Spiritual experience is one of the growing potentials and attractions in many tourist destinations, and involves a wide range of religious and secular tourists. This paper aims to analyze the motives and factors affecting the spiritual experiences of foreign female tourists in Iran. The required data ...
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Spiritual experience is one of the growing potentials and attractions in many tourist destinations, and involves a wide range of religious and secular tourists. This paper aims to analyze the motives and factors affecting the spiritual experiences of foreign female tourists in Iran. The required data were collected using 383 questionnaires from foreign female tourists in the hotels where they stayed, or at airports on their way to their country. Then the data were analyzed by applying correlation test and multi-linear regression analysis. The results of study show that, being in harmony with the nature is the most important motive for foreign female tourists traveling to Iran. Among the characteristics of tourist destinations, natural geography, history and culture lie as the most important factors affecting the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists visiting Iran.IntroductionReligion and spirituality have been the most important motives of tourists for traveling in the old time. There is a common agreement on the proximity of these two concepts but spirituality and religion don’t necessarily cover each other. The spirituality concept has become much wider and includes issues including health, social relationships, happiness, vivacity, self-esteem, calmness, sublimity and God. Men and women are different in spiritual aspects. According to some psychologists, women are more religious than men, and have more tendency to spirituality and religious activities (Rich, 2012 Hajizadeh-Meimndi, Ebrahimi-Sadrabadi, 1389). Also, psychologists believe that, tendency to religious affairs is more in women due to the harmony and consistency of spiritual and religious views with women’s souls. Regarding the differences in men’s and women’s traveling and the differences in their incentives, Bond (1997) states that the traveling of alone women beyond their country borders has recently increased significantly. Women tend to take journeys to get experiences and communicational skills as well as to attain awareness and confidence. The statistics show a significant increase in the number of women’s traveling. Therefore, the activists of tourism industry pay special attention to the women’s sector in the market and the economy of travel and tourism. Women are considered as one of the new markets in tourism industry, and understanding their spiritual experiences became a main priority. Female tourists look for different destinations to get the experiences and because of the diversity of expectation form spiritual experience, the need for various destinations to satisfy the different groups of spiritual tourists is felt more than ever. Iran can be a special destination for female tourists, due to its geographical, cultural and historic situation. Climatic diversity and natural landscapes shaped by climates, heights, plains, seas and coastal areas, deserts in addition to historic, cultural and religious attractions and the existence of different ethnic groups with their own special customs and ceremonies, provide very diverse and unique conditions for women’s spiritual experiences in Iran.However, existing knowledge on spiritual experiences of foreign female tourists in Iran and its determining factors are very limited.Research MethodologyThis study is a descriptive-exploratory research and the statistical society is the foreign female tourists in Iran and the measuring instrument is questionnaire, of which 383 copies have been distributed among and completed by foreign female tourists, using convenience sampling. The data have been analyzed by SPSS software. Descriptive statistics indices such as frequency and percentage have been applied to search and analyze the information related to general characteristics of the respondents. Correlation tests and multi-linear regression analysis have also been used in the inferential statistics part.Research FindingsThe findings of this study show that three aspects of demographics, travel motives and the destination characteristics, predict 85 percent of the variance of the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists in Iran.The characteristics of Iran as a tourist destination with beta of 0.355 had the highest effects on the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists. In this study the Crouch and Ritchie model of destination competitiveness was used to determine the tourist destination characteristics. Therefore, the effects of 8 variables including history and culture of the natural geography, infrastructure, costs, security, hospitality, events and situation on the tourists’ spiritual experiences were examined using the multi-linear regression analysis. The results show that the destination characteristics predict 94 percent of the variance of the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists in Iran. Among the destination characteristics, a) factors of history and culture, b) natural geography, c) infrastructure, d) costs, e) security, f) hospitality, g) events and h) situation, in order, had the highest effects on the quality of the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists in Iran.ConclusionBased on Crouch model, the destination characteristics are among important factors in tourists’ choice for different purposes. According to the results of this research, foreign female tourists have considered the features of their destination as the most effective factor in their spiritual experiences. Fox’s research (1996) on the women participating in spiritual experiences in pristine places indicated that the nature is seen as a powerful, healing and spiritual element. Furthermore, women on journeys have energy more similar to the nature and can get more spiritual awareness. As discussed above, spiritual tourism for women could play very important role as a novel strategy for tourism marketing in programming macro-tourism in Iran and branding women’s spiritual tourism can be conducted for this valuable guideline.Particularly in advertising via internet and TV programs, Iran should introduce itself as a new destination for female spiritual tourists. Providing necessary facilities and infrastructures and designing trip packages for female spiritual tourists are from necessary steps toward female spiritual tourism. In this research we offered a general framework to examine female spiritual experiences and examined the impact of three main factors including: the destination characteristics, travel motives and the tourists’ demographic features. The destination characteristics in the female tourists’ view, had very significant role in their spiritual experiences. Furthermore, harmony with nature was found as the most important motive to have the spiritual experience in Iran.In the future studies one may examine the effects of different environments including the nature or religious places or even historical buildings to discover the effects of places on spiritual experiences. Also, the effects of each of these aspects and indices on spiritual experiences for two groups of men and women may be assessed and compared separately.
tourism management
Morteza Ahmadi; Mahmood Ziaee; Reza Vaezi; Gholamreza Kazemian
Abstract
This research has been achieved to recognize the type of dominant rationality in the Vision Plan of Heritage and Tourism Development in Iran. The tourism planning system in the world has experienced noticeable changes under the influence of transformations that took place in the philosophical and social ...
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This research has been achieved to recognize the type of dominant rationality in the Vision Plan of Heritage and Tourism Development in Iran. The tourism planning system in the world has experienced noticeable changes under the influence of transformations that took place in the philosophical and social paradigms in recent decades. The present research is based on interpretive epistemology and, regarding the methodological aspect, has been considered qualitative research. Archival studies and thematic analysis with explorative purpose were used for data gathering and analysis. Base on this study’s findings, instrumental rationality, with 48 themes out of 71 and its correspondent planning theory, rational planning, has been dominant in formulating the Vision Plan of Heritage and Tourism Development in Iran. Also, we observed a small share of other types of rationality among the themes recognized in the Vision Plan. Analysis and comparison of the share for each type of rationality made it clear that coordinative rationality has been ignored. Therefore, revising the Vision Plan regarding new approaches to tourism planning is inevitable. The research results indicated that applying coordinative rationality as a combination of various rationality types could pave the way for achieving tourism development objectives in Iran.Introduction Tourism planning has been transformed by theories such as communicative and participative approaches and paradigms dominating urban, rural, and regional planning. The emergence of alternative and sustainable tourism can signify these changes. This research aimed to recognize the type of dominant rationality on the Vision Plan-2025 for Heritage and Tourism Development in Iran endorsed by the Cabinet in 2004. The concept of rationality in this research is considered in the Alexander Model (2000) framework and based on new planning theories and contemporary tourism planning approaches. In the new age, called the post-rationality era, rationality in planning was redefined so that its meaning extended from instrumental rationality to include communicative, strategic, and coordinative rationality. Dominant planning approaches in the 1950s were physical and sectoral planning based on the traditional rational planning approach. Since the 1960s, the domain of planning extended to social-cultural areas and the concept of space, including human beings, their living environment, and economic, social, and cultural activities taken into account in planning. In the 1980s, a new approach to planning appeared that did not believe in top-down planning but believed in the host community's participation in planning and implementation.Materials and MethodsThe philosophical aspect of this research regarding epistemology was based on an interpretive approach. Understanding tourism and planning for tourism development requires understanding the multiple dimensions of tourism regarding social-cultural and economic aspects and interpreting the concept of the system for tourism stakeholders as well as policymakers. Considering the users, the research is applied and developmental research. The findings of this study can be used by tourism policymakers, planners, stakeholders, the scientific society, and researchers. The research area is cross-sectional, and the scale is national. This qualitative research's statistical population and data sources are the documents of mentioned Vision Plan. Data gathering and analysis were conducted following the qualitative research. This study used the Astrid-Sterling model of themes networks for thematic analysis. The researchers took five steps for coding and recognized basic themes, main themes, organizing themes, and global themes. Finally, a map of themes in the format of themes network of rationality in the Vision Plan was presented.Discussion and ResultsThe results of the literature review clarified two issues. Firstly, under the influence of planning theory and dominant paradigms on urban, rural, and regional planning, tourism development planning has changed in recent decades, leading to the emergence of alternative tourism approaches like responsible tourism, eco-tourism, community-based tourism, and sustainable tourism. Secondly, reconsidering the concept and dimensions of rationality in the recent century has a vital role in planning theory in such a way that the type of rationality in each era has been determinative of identifying the type of planning theory. For further explanation, we can refer to communicative rationality recognized in the 1980s by Habermas, considered the foundation of communicative planning theory. This approach was the reaction against instrumental rationality that was the basis for traditional rational planning theory. Therefore, the type of rationality is the determinant for the corresponding planning theory. Analysis of a total of 71 themes in the Vision Plan for Tourism Development in Iran indicated the share for each type of rationality, which included 48 themes (the maximum) related to instrumental rationality, ten themes to communicative rationality, nine themes to strategic rationality, and finally, four themes (the minimum) to coordinative rationality.ConclusionsWith the analysis and comparison of the share of various types of rationality in the Vision Plan of cultural heritage and tourism in Iran, we concluded that the dominant rationality for formulating the Plan had been instrumental. Regarding the lack of consideration for all types of rationality, particularly coordinative rationality in the Plan on the one hand, and the fact that more than 18 years have passed since the compilation of the Plan on the other hand, it is necessary to revise the Vision Plan, taking into accounts the coordinative planning theory in the following areas:- Establishment of a powerful coordinating institution with sufficient authority for making the related organizations cooperate in revising, formulating, implementing, supervising, and evaluating the Plan.- Integration of tourism policies and plans and linkage with the macro policies. Formulation and endorsement of tourism macro policies through the Supreme Council for Cultural Heritage and Tourism. -Formulation of a network for public-private participation and related stakeholders for developing tourism in Iran.
Neda Torabi Farsani; Marzieh Hekmat; Hossein Sadeghi Shahdani; Aida Davoudian Dehkordi
Abstract
Nowadays, the impacts of tourism are one of the academic topics and concerns of experts in this field, and they are trying to increase its positive effects through network and cluster activity and find solutions to reduce the negative effects of tourism. Sustainable tourism requires the active performance ...
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Nowadays, the impacts of tourism are one of the academic topics and concerns of experts in this field, and they are trying to increase its positive effects through network and cluster activity and find solutions to reduce the negative effects of tourism. Sustainable tourism requires the active performance of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and museums can also play an axial role as educational institutions. Unfortunately, there is no close relationship between museums and NGOs in Iran, and the International Council of Museums (ICOM) is the only active NGO in this field. In contrast, the collaboration of NGOs and museums can be a step towards popularising the challenges facing sustainable tourism development. The objectives of the present research are: 1) to identify the factors affecting the participation of NGOs in promoting museums and sustainable tourism. 2) to explore the collaborative opportunities of NGOs and museums towards sustainable tourism development. In this regard, the qualitative method (thematic analysis) was used with the help of MAXQDA software. The statistical population of the research was the active members of NGO experts in the fields of tourism, culture, museum, environment, and geography. The data was collected using a semi-structured interview form. It is worth mentioning that the data reached saturation point in the 20th interview. The data coding results illustrated that moral and professional codes and policymaking influence NGOs’ participation in the development of museums and tourism. In addition, the five main themes of cooperative education, collaborative and interactive thinking, participatory advertising, holding joint events and exhibitions, and social participation were identified as collaborative opportunities for NGOs and museums towards sustainable tourism development. It should be pointed out that cooperation and partnership relations are a suitable alternative to competition in sustainable tourism, and this partnership facilitates the achievement of sustainable tourism goals, which have been at the forefront of central policy of global tourism development for more than two decades.IntroductionIn 1995, a charter with 18 principles was drawn up to implement sustainable tourism in Lanzarote Island, Spain. The ninth, thirteenth, and fifteenth principles emphasize the participation and role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in developing sustainable tourism. Today, NGOs play an essential role in the local communities' involvement, local empowerment, education, economic-social development, preservation of cultural and natural heritage, etc., as far as they can be called the public’s voice. NGOs play an essential role in education and culturalizing.Smithsonian; European Network for Accessible Tourism (ENAT); World Tourism Association for Culture and Heritage (WTACH); International et al. (TIES); The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO); International Council of Museums (ICOM) are examples of active international NGOs in tourism and museums.Currently, many NGOs are registered in Iran, and among them, ICOM of Iran is active in the field of cultural heritage and tourism and is the most well-known NGO in the field of museums. Addressing the discussion of NGOs in museums and sustainable tourism will increase the participation between NGOs and museums towards sustainable tourism. The role of NGOs as a speaker is to convey the museum’s voice. In addition, this research is an initial attempt to introduce the importance of NGOs and museums’ participation in sustainable tourism. Also, due to rising NGOs from the community and having voluntary human resources, they can create a closer relationship between the public and the museum through participating in sustainable activities.Literature ReviewSingh (1999: 92-94) argued that NGOs strive to develop sustainable tourism. Data analysis in the Goa, India case study illustrated that NGOs can also develop local socio-economic activities and play an essential role in community awareness. Liburd (2004: 105-109) stated that NGOs influence political processes and outcomes. Some authors (Butcher, 2006, pp. 307-310; Wearing et al., 2005: 424-439) noted that NGOs are trying to create a de-commoditized model of tourism that seeks sustainable tourism.Materials and MethodsThe present study includes two main objectives: 1) to identify the factors affecting the participation of NGOs in promoting museums and sustainable tourism. 2) to explore the collaborative opportunities of NGOs and museums towards sustainable tourism development. This research is exploratory, and a qualitative method (Thematic analysis) was applied. MAXQDA software was used as a tool for data analysis. The study’s statistical population consists of active NGO members, experts, and elites in geography, tourism, museums, environment, and culture. Data was gathered through the snowball sampling method. After each interview, the data was coded until the codes reached saturation point in the 21st interview, and no new codes were added to the previous codes. ResultsThe first goal of the research is to identify the factors influencing the participation of NGOs in promoting museums and sustainable tourism. The results of data analysis using a qualitative method (thematic analysis) demonstrated that policymaking (national and local) and moral and professional codes (external and internal) are two vital and effective components of the participation of NGOs in promoting museums and sustainable tourism. National policymaking includes eight sub-themes, which are: moral and financial support of the upstream institutions from NGOs, removal of difficult legal obstacles towards establishing NGOs, monitoring of organizations and the activities of NGOs, removal of legal obstacles when NGOs strive for implanting their ideas (another organization such as the police should not prevent them), creating a legal platform that recognizes the activities of the institutions, involving the supervision of NGOs in the government's decisions, creating a bottom-up approach to museum planning and development of tourism, not looking at NGOs politically. In addition to local policymaking, there are three sub-themes of participation of NGOs in local tourism development and planning projects: the cooperation of NGOs with gild merchant and local communities and the cooperation of NGOs with the diversity of social and age groups in order to communicate with the community visiting the museum. Also, the results of open and axial coding indicated that extra-institutional moral and professional codes are classified into four sub-themes, which include participation in international scientific and executive assemblies of museum science in order to announce sustainability conditions and activities; stakeholders' acceptance of the organization's participation; acquaintance of people with citizenship duties and issues of environmental protection and cultural heritage preservation; organized cooperation with other national and international organizations in order to share experiences towards promoting sustainable tourism and museums. It is worth noting that the togetherness and convergence of NGO members and the priority of collective interests; continuity in the systematic cooperation between the association and museums towards sustainable development of tourism; education and promotion of specialized knowledge in line with collaborative decision-making; developing the mission and vision of NGOs towards promoting sustainable tourism were identified as sub-themes of moral and professional codes.Furthermore, the five main themes of cooperative education, collaborative and interactive thinking, participatory advertising, holding joint events and exhibitions, and social participation were identified as collaborative opportunities for NGOs and museums towards sustainable tourism development. DiscussionNowadays, NGOs play a significant role in education, culturalizing, identity-building, and participation (Nouei & Saje, 2011) and can act as a collective voice for sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is a method of tourism that tries to minimize the adverse effects of travel and increase its positive effects by implementing the 18 principles. Meanwhile, as educational institutions, museums can achieve sustainable tourism goals with greater convergence and be the collective voice of sustainability in tourism destinations and museums. The results of data analysis with the help of software illustrated that moral and professional codes and policymaking are the factors influencing the participation of NGOs in the prosperity of museums and the promotion of tourism. Nouei and Saje (2011) also emphasize the cooperative role of the NGOs, but the innovation of the current research has been in identifying the collaborative opportunities of NGOs and museums towards sustainable tourism (cooperative education; collaborative and interactive thinking; participatory advertising; holding joint events and exhibitions and social participation). Training of tourism human resources and hosts; empowering local communities towards sustainable tourism; the use of museum space in sustainability education for the public; holding theoretical training workshops about sustainable tourism; providing consulting services to museums; acquaintance of people with citizenship duties and issues of environmental protection and cultural heritage preservation; holding a skill-based training workshop in about sustainable tourism and teaching intangible cultural traditions concerning historical assets through museum objects, including opportunities for cooperative education, have been identified. Other extractive open codes have yet to be considered in the literature review and are the new findings of the present research. Among the opportunities for cooperative and interactive thinking extracted from coding are the opportunities to collect financial aid for NGOs, participation in the establishment of museums, increase the power of access and interpretation of NGO's activities by the museum, creative participation towards sustainable tourism and the place to carry out the dialogues of NGOs. These current research results confirm other research (Kannike et al., 2021; Ouessar & Belhedi, 1999; Wilson, 2003). Creating employment and income for local people by attracting tourists and visitors to museums and tourist destinations; collecting intangible and tangible heritage towards sustainable tourism and museum management, and participating in strengthening pride and cultural identity are opportunities for social partnerships that experts have pointed out to promote sustainable tourism. It is worth mentioning that some researchers (Wilson, 2003) also emphasize creating employment and income for local people and strengthening pride and cultural identity in their research. Holding joint events and exhibitions regarding sustainability issues are not only the findings of the present study but also mentioned by Kannike et al., 2021. ConclusionLastly, NGOs are the representatives and voices of museums and sustainable tourism, and the production of content marketing by NGOs for museums and sustainable tourism increases the opportunity for cooperative advertising.
Tourism planning
Pedram Faehadi; Mohammad Hasan Zaal; Nazanin Tabrizi
Abstract
The study utilized a descriptive-analytical approach, employing documentary studies and field investigations to evaluate the criteria for establishing a cultural heritage village in the global precinct of Firozabad. A researcher-developed questionnaire was administered to 350 individuals from the local ...
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The study utilized a descriptive-analytical approach, employing documentary studies and field investigations to evaluate the criteria for establishing a cultural heritage village in the global precinct of Firozabad. A researcher-developed questionnaire was administered to 350 individuals from the local community, focusing on three critical criteria: heritage capacities, travel industry infrastructure, and community participation. Data analysis was conducted using statistical software, including SPSS and Smart PLS, incorporating descriptive statistics and inferential tests aligned with the research objectives. Given the region's rich cultural and natural attractions, The findings suggest favorable conditions for establishing a heritage village in the Firozabad global complex. However, challenges such as the need for comprehensive studies, management issues, and budget allocation need to be addressed. Additionally, the travel industry infrastructure requires improvement to meet global standards, necessitating public and private investment. Government support and community involvement are crucial for the success of heritage village initiatives, and educating the local community about the benefits of tourism can foster practical support for such projects.
salman eivazinezhad; Mohsen Akbari
Abstract
The present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the behaviour of tourists about environmental protection activities. The research method has based on meta-synthesis. After searching for specific keywords in two journals, Google Scholar and Web Science, 198 articles have been extracted. Eventually, ...
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The present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the behaviour of tourists about environmental protection activities. The research method has based on meta-synthesis. After searching for specific keywords in two journals, Google Scholar and Web Science, 198 articles have been extracted. Eventually, 40 articles were coded and analyzed manually. The selected articles were divided into two categories, which included tourists' behaviour towards the environment and explaining the behaviour of indigenous people towards the environment. After extracting the sub-themes, the factors influencing tourists' behaviour towards three main themes can be suggested: indicators related to tourists - country of origin and destination country. Finally, by comparing the two categories of research, it can be suggested that consumers' perceptions of uncontrollable external factors such as the roles of governments and the understanding of chance/fate factors can explain the gaps in the present predicting the tourists' behaviour toward the environment. IntroductionToday, paying attention to the environment is a very important issue in developing and developed countries. One of the areas that can severely affect the environment is tourism, which has become an important part of the gross national income for most countries. Due to its cultural heritage and its natural and four-season landscapes, Iran has attracted many tourists every year. Considering the importance of the environment on the one hand and the improvement of the tourism industry, on the other hand, the development of tourist behaviours is very important. Give tourists behaviour.Materials and MethodsAccording to the research topic, the method used is meta-synthesis because the theoretical gap of the research was not clear. In the first stage, 198 articles were identified through the specified keywords, after which 40 papers were finally selected for the final analysis. The selected articles were divided into two categories, which included the behaviour of tourists and the indigenous behaviour of individuals towards the environment. The coding process was performed separately in each of these categories to identify new themes by comparing them. Caldwell is a model for measuring the validity and quality of research. In this type of evaluation, based on the basic and basic criteria, the subjects, the scope, the results, the studies, the methodology, and the validity of the articles were assessed. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to properly execute the process and reliable the analysis and coding results. Several reviewed articles (15 out of 40) were randomly selected and provided to another experienced researcher for this purpose. In this study, Cohen's kappa coefficient for coding of two researchers was 0.78, which indicates high reliability.Discussion and ResultsAfter extracting the sub-themes, we finally suggested the factors affecting tourists' behaviour towards three main themes: indicators related to tourists, country of origin, and country of destination. The section on indicators related to tourists, motivations - attitude - personal experiences, environmental knowledge, materialism, pride, guilt, individual factors, significant experiences, tourist anxiety, nostalgia, age, gender, willingness to pay more, group size, Travel time is included. For the country of origin, institutional environment, level of development - development of the Internet, religion, media, air pollution, and for the country of origin, factors such as destination loyalty, destination brand, destination culture, environmental climate, religion, location were categorized. Also, for the natives, the main factors explaining the behaviour of tourists were identified, which are in the same three categories. In addition to these identified themes, theories were identified that have been considered in explaining indigenous behaviour towards the environment but have not been studied in the behaviour of tourists.ConclusionsConsidering the comparison of researches done in the two fields of tourism and public actors regarding the environment, it is suggested that to improve the activities of tourists in the field of environment. It is necessary to pay attention to three items: the position of their country, the position of the destination country, motivations and The tourist's own experiences. Also, by comparing the two categories of research conducted, it can be suggested that consumers' perceptions of uncontrollable external factors such as government maps and an understanding of factors of chance, habit, and social capital can be gaps in predicting tourist behaviour. It is suggested that researchers in their research consider these variables in explaining the behaviour of tourists.
Mohammad Reza Karimi Alavijeh; Maryam Golestani
Abstract
Introduction
Travel marketers use the appeal of scarcity messages as a promotional tool and technique to make the product or service more attractive with the ultimate aim of selling faster and more. Scarcity messages have proved to be extremely practical and effective, especially in the online environment. ...
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Introduction
Travel marketers use the appeal of scarcity messages as a promotional tool and technique to make the product or service more attractive with the ultimate aim of selling faster and more. Scarcity messages have proved to be extremely practical and effective, especially in the online environment. As a basic concept of economics, scarcity has found its way into various fields, such as psychology and marketing. Considered a promotional technique, the concept of scarcity practically works based on the idea that customers tend to value and buy rare products more than the products that are plentiful. In this respect, certain stimuli can cause scarcity by denoting the rarity of a product or service. There are two types of scarcity: limited-time and limited-quantity. Concerning the former, a product or service becomes available for a pre-defined limited period. In contrast, limited-quantity scarcity refers to the availability of a product or service as a function of supply or demand. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of scarcity messages on tourists’ impulsive buying motivation and impulsive buying behavior while booking online with an eye to the moderating role of the travel experience.
Materials and Methods
As an applied research, the present study used the method of quantitative, descriptive survey. The questionnaire was used for data collection, and the statistical population included all Iranian tourists who had experience in booking and purchasing tourism products online. In accordance with Morgan’s table, 384 samples were selected through convenience sampling. Structural equation modeling was employed to test the hypotheses, and the analysis was performed by WARP PLS5 software.
Results and Discussion
The results showed the positive effect of limited-time scarcity messages on impulsive buying motivation, of impulsive buying motivation on impulsive buying behavior, of limited-quantity scarcity messages based on high demand on impulsive buying motivation, and of limited-quantity scarcity messages based on low supply on impulsive buying motivation. However, the travel experience had no moderating role in the relationship between limited-time scarcity messages and impulsive buying motivation, which rejects the research hypothesis. The results can have implications for both research and administrative sections.
Conclusion
The present study investigated the effect of scarcity messages on tourists’ impulsive buying motivation and impulsive buying behavior while booking online with an eye to the moderating role of the travel experience. The results of path analysis confirmed four hypotheses but rejected one. Both limited-quantity scarcity (due to high demand or low supply) and limited-time scarcity can increase the motivation of tourists while booking online, which in turn leads to impulsive buying. This finding supports the influence of motivation on impulsive buying, indicating a direct relationship between the two. However, the travel experience has no moderating role in the relationship between limited-time scarcity messages and impulsive buying motivation. Therefore, businesses can post messages on their online platforms with the theme of a 20% discount (with only one day left to use the discount for booking and buying) so that tourists can book and buy right away. The messages containing exciting sentences should be published, and motivated people should be shown different stimuli, such as easy access and tips and advice in booking. In addition, publicizing the services and reservations bought by a group of customers (e.g., a team of coworkers, a group of friends, a family, etc.) at the same time can led to an increase in the motivation of tourists. Furthermore, the messages featuring the theme of limited capacity for product or service should be provided for tourists on websites, platforms, and social networks in order to make the product or service more valuable, hence more motivation and willingness to buy and book. It is recommended that future researchers conduct more in-depth quantitative and qualitative analyses about causes and conditions of scarcity in the tourism industry. The present study did not make a distinction between different platforms and their respective customers. Therefore, it is suggested that future research be conducted on a single platform of online booking and shopping in the tourism industry. In addition to the status of a given platform, the quality of the platform should be considered in studying the effect of scarcity messages. Finally, the B2B and C2C markets can be viable candidates for future studies.
Fateme Gatbabaei Lehe; Nnazanin Ttabrizi; Mahmoud Sharepour
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the cultural values of Babolsar citizens and their satisfaction with tourism activities. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in methodological view. The sampling method of this research is simple ...
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The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the cultural values of Babolsar citizens and their satisfaction with tourism activities. The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in methodological view. The sampling method of this research is simple randomization. The statistical population of the study is the citizens of Babolsar, of which 382 were selected using the Cochran's formula. The research questionnaire was developed from standard questionnaires related to Hofstede cultural dimensions and satisfaction with tourism. For the first time, the present study measured the relationship between Hofstede dimensions and citizen satisfaction. SPSS software was used to perform descriptive tests and Inferential statistics of the research were done by PLS software. The results showed that the cultural values of citizens have a significant relationship to their satisfaction with tourism activities and this relationship was observed in three components of the six studied dimensions, including individualism/ collectivism, long/short-term orientation and indulgence/restraint. The city of Babolsar is a society with a cultural balance in the distribution of power, strong uncertainty avoidance, individualism, balance with a tendency towards feminism and a long-term and extremist orientation. IntroductionTourism is a global market in which the host and guest communities both have diverse cultures and interact with each other (Huang & Crotts, 2019). Cultural differences between communities can be seen as an attraction for deciding which tourist destination to choose. According to Hofstede's theory of cultural dimensions, the common cultural points of the people of a society can be achieved and based on this theory, the views and attitudes of the people of that society can be acquainted (Jung et al, 2017). On the other hand, cultural values are an essential part of the cultures of each region and affect other parts of it (Hassanzadeh, 1396). Further understanding of the culture of the host community and examining the dimensions and components affecting it can be effective in increasing the level of residents' satisfaction with tourism activities in a destination. The coastal city of Babolsar is one of the tourist areas of the country that has a long history of tourism and receives a large number of tourists every year (Khaksari et al, 1392).Therefore, the main question of the present study is what is the relationship between the cultural values of Babolsar citizens and their satisfaction with tourism activities? Materials and MethodsThe purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the cultural values of Babolsar citizens and their satisfaction with tourism activities. This research is descriptive-analytical in terms of practical purpose and the sampling method of this research is simple random and the statistical population of the study, the citizens of Babolsar, 382 people were selected as a sample through Cochran's formula. Discussion and ResultsThe results showed: The cultural values of the citizens of Babolsar have a significant relationship with their satisfaction with tourism. Thus, among the 6 dimensions of Hofstede's cultural values studied in this study, 3 components: individualism/ collectivism, long-term/ short-term orientation and indulgence/ restraint have a significant relationship with citizens' satisfaction with tourism. The findings of the present study are consistent with the findings of Hassanzadeh (1397) who studied the effect of cultural values on the perceived quality of health tourism services and concluded that the cultural dimensions of Hofstede have a positive and significant relationship with the perceived quality and the cultural values of tourists play a very important role in the quality of their perceived services of health tourism, but Findings from the present study with the findings of Radojevic et al (2019) who examined the hospitality culture of hotel staff in several countries studied based on two cultural aspects of Hofstede and concluded that the less individualism and extremism be, better service provided, does not match. ConclusionsThe results show that the cultural values of the citizens of Babolsar, which were measured by Hofstede theory of cultural dimensions, have a significant relationship with the level of citizens' satisfaction with tourism activities.The culture of a society can also be examined by measuring its specific cultural values. In this study, the cultural values of the host community were measured according to Hofstede's theory of cultural dimensions. Based on the results obtained from the present study, the culture of Babolsar citizens can be interpreted as follows: The analysis of the research findings showed that Babolsar society is a society with a cultural balance in the distribution of power, avoiding strong uncertainty, individualistic, balanced with a tendency towards feminism, a tendency to long-term and extreme orientation.The results of the research show that citizens have understood the positive and negative economic, environmental and social effects and to increase the level of satisfaction, the positive effects should be strengthened and the negative effects of tourism, which leads to a decrease in residents' satisfaction with tourism activities, should be more careful. Be. More attention to the welfare of residents, development of infrastructure, transportation and amenities and services, reduction of noise pollution and traffic control with better management and more detailed planning in the field of tourism, is effective in increasing residents' satisfaction with tourism activities. This issue has a significant impact on the lives of residents, especially during peak tourism times.
Javad Madani; Rahim Zare; Ahmad Mahmoudi
Abstract
Sports tourism is an important type of tourism that is growing and developing rapidly. Tourist destinations in the field of sports not only support sports tourism policies but also attend to environmental issues in a bid to promote green behaviors among tourists. This research aimed to investigate the ...
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Sports tourism is an important type of tourism that is growing and developing rapidly. Tourist destinations in the field of sports not only support sports tourism policies but also attend to environmental issues in a bid to promote green behaviors among tourists. This research aimed to investigate the role of sports tourism in promoting green behaviors among tourists in Ardabil Province. As a mixed methods research, the study relied on a sequential exploratory approach consisting of qualitative and quantitative phases. The methods of thematic analysis and survey were used to analyze the data. The first phase of the study involved interviewing experts in sports tourism, sports management, and behavior management through purposive sampling. The second phase used systematic sampling and the influential actors of the field as the statistical population, with 31 experts responding to the questionnaire. According to the research findings in the first phase, 36 basic themes, 15 organizing themes, and three global themes were extracted from the semi-structured interviews. In the second phase, the identified themes were approved by the experts as the factors affecting the role of sports tourism in promoting green behaviors among tourists. The study highlights that sports tourism not only creates macro social, cultural, and economic benefits for residents and visitors, but also has a significant contribution to green behaviors among tourists. Green behaviors, in addition to protecting the environment, have a positive impact on the development of sports tourism and can strengthen and develop pro-environmental attitudes among tourists, besides creating recreational experiences.Introduction Sport is an ever-evolving phenomenon, with new sport events emerging regularly. Organizations need to study specific aspects of sports in order to manage their resources more effectively. As one of the most important fields in this respect, sports tourism refers to those trips for recreational (non-commercial) reasons to participate in or observe sports activities outside one’s usual residence, with or without competitive goals. Sports tourism has gradually gained popularity in different countries, leading to the establishment of specialized sports tourism agencies in large cities and small local towns. Sports activities, such as beach volleyball, rock climbing, river tracking, etc., allow tourists to participate freely in the tourism process, Sports tourism is a low-cost recreational activity that can improve physical and mental health. Travelers from many countries are paying increasing attention to sports tourism, creating many sports activities in sightseeing spots and resorts, including mountain climbing, cycling, road running, river trekking, rock climbing, and swimming.The sports tourism industry is highly competitive. Implementing and managing sustainable tourism development programs and a greener competitive advantage in these areas provide potential benefits for sports tourism destinations. Nowadays, sports tourism destinations tend to take measures to attract tourists and increase the credibility of sports tourism. Sports tourism departments have taken steps towards the greening of tourists’ behaviors. In addition to economic, political, and cultural fields, sports tourism has attended to environmental issues and greening. Green behaviors among tourists can positively affect the host community as well as the environment. Destinations providing sports tourism can benefit by encouraging tourism service providers to develop green measures and strategies. Green behaviors among tourists can play a fundamental role. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate and analyze the role of sports tourism and its influential factors in promoting green behaviors among tourists. The present study aimed to investigate this issue in Ardabil Province, which has ten cities with sports tourism in several sports, such as skiing, rock climbing, mountaineering, river trekking, water sports, hiking, camping, etc. Considering the province’s pristine and beautiful nature, it is vital to promote green behaviors among tourists. Materials and MethodsAs an applied research based on a mixed methods design, the present study utilized a sequential exploratory approach involving both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis. Given more analytical weight, the first phase used the qualitative method of thematic analysis. Using tools such as semi-structured interviews, the study could obtain relevant codes. In an inductive approach (part to whole), the identified themes were categorized under basic, organizing, and global themes. During the second phase, the study employed the quantitative survey method, and each of the themes was sent to the experts for verification, review, and measurement of its components and assessment of its validity. The participants of the study were categorized separately for both phases. In the first phase, the purposeful sampling method was used to identify 11 experts in sports tourism, sports management, and behavior management, who participated in the study online. The second phase of the study used the influential actors in the field, who were mainly active in the academic and executive sectors. The second phase relied on the systematic sampling method, and 31 experts responded to the questionnaire. Results and DiscussionHaving examined the semi-structured interviews, the study identified 121 indicators, from which 36 basic themes, 15 organizing themes, and three global themes were extracted. Each organizing theme is the principal element and constituent of the global themes. The themes indicate that these factors influence and determine the role of sports tourism in promoting green behaviors among tourists in the host community. In the quantitative phase, the themes received values higher than the acceptable limit, which indicates the appropriateness of the measurement model. The theme of creating, supporting, and promoting pro-environmental behavior (among the global themes) and the theme of enhancement of environmentally responsible behaviors of sports tourists (among the organizing themes) had the most significant effect with values of 0.56 and 0.57, respectively. ConclusionSports tourism contributes to the host society’s economic growth, cultural promotion, and enrichment. It is also considered important in environmental protection and greening of tourists’ behaviors. Many countries use mechanisms such as sports tourism to green tourists’ behaviors in order to face challenging environmental issues and problems. The findings of the study can offer important practical implications for the stakeholders in the sports tourism industry. The relationship between tourists’ green behaviors and environmental behaviors in tourist destinations creates a specific context with opportunities. One of the most fundamental topics in the field was found to be the global theme of creating, supporting, and promoting pro-environmental behaviors, which plays an essential role in sports tourism by influencing tourists’ green behavioral intentions. This theme emphasizes the significance of participation and interaction of sports tourists with the host community in order to promote greener behaviors, which in turn makes green consumption and measures a necessary part of their daily life. Another global theme is sustainable green engagement and communication which stresses a multi-faceted relationship with tourists and the local community. Moving towards greener behaviors among sports tourists and creating green destinations is not just an objective but a systematic and extensive process that requires much attention. Environmental education through media (e.g., television, newspapers, internet, social media, etc.) is needed to teach professional environmental practices to travelers and non-travelers. The environmental education helps tourists understand the importance of green behaviors. Destinations can thus help educate tourists by familiarizing them with environmental protection information. These measures can create interaction and participation as critical and valuable measures in the field. The attempt at greening of behaviors can thus help create environmentally responsible behaviors among tourists. Concerning the organizing themes, the theme of enhancement of environmentally responsible behaviors of sports tourists had the highest path coefficient effect. Environmentally responsible behavior refers to the cases in which a person or a group of people follow actions or behaviors that control environmental impact and are highly responsive to the environment and its subsequent issues. In addition to the preservation of the environment, such behaviors are necessary to maintain the growth of sports tourism.
Zohreh Dehdashti; Vahid Nasehifar; Esmaeil Ghaderi; Afra Shoaran
Abstract
AbstractWith the advent of the sharing economy, peer-to-peer accommodations around the world have had much success. These accommodations offer benefits such as low prices and a variety of services. One of the ways that tourist-friendly countries have exploited the potential of these accommodations and ...
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AbstractWith the advent of the sharing economy, peer-to-peer accommodations around the world have had much success. These accommodations offer benefits such as low prices and a variety of services. One of the ways that tourist-friendly countries have exploited the potential of these accommodations and can help these accommodations to operate more successfully is to use the potential of tourist co-creation. On the other hand, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the consumption experience in the hospitality industry. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to present a new model using related literature, including the dimensions, determinants, and consequences of the co-creation experience of tourists in peer-to-peer accommodations. For this purpose, the seven-step meta-synthesis method established by Sandelowski and Barroso was used. Sixty-three qualitative articles were identified and analyzed using the thematic analysis method. The results identified the six dimensions of control, learning, connection, personalization, authenticity, and autonomy as dimensions of the co-creation experience. Also, factors related to the host, factors related to the customer, factors related to other customers and the local community, factors related to technology, and factors related to the accommodation were identified as determinants and variables of functional value, cost value, social value, and experiential value were identified as consequences.IntroductionThe country's hospitality industry is severely short of hotels. Many hotels are of low quality and demand high prices because there are no subsidies for hotels, and they are not occupied in all seasons. Also, the complex process of obtaining a construction permit, lack of necessary facilities, and payment of taxes and duties make the return of capital difficult and have reduced the motivation and desire of investors to build a hotel. In addition, hotels do not meet the needs of tourists to socialize and gain experience of local life due to their many restrictions and standard products. Given these problems of hotels and the high need for investment in hotels, and the limited government budget for investment, it is inevitable to use other methods to create accommodation facilities. One is to convert houses or part of houses into accommodation at a meager cost for the private sector or the government. The main problem with these accommodations in our country is that the owners of these accommodations, who are non-professionals and have yet to receive the necessary training, sometimes provide hospitality services in addition to their main job to earn more money, with new ways to satisfy tourists. One of how tourist-friendly countries have solved this problem and can help these resorts to operate more successfully is by taking advantage of the potential of tourist co-creation.On the other hand, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the consumption experience in the tourism industry. Recent research results emphasize the role of tourists in creating new and creative ideas for the growth of the tourism market. In Iran, however, this vital factor, unlike other tourist countries in the world, is not seen as a strategic opportunity for growth. Therefore, this research modeled the customer co-creation experience in peer-to-peer accommodations.Materials and MethodsThis research used the meta-synthesis method to synthesize previous qualitative studies. In this study, the seven-step meta-synthesis method established by Sandelowski and Barroso was used, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the sample texts in the meta-synthesis method.Discussion and ResultsSix dimensions of control, learning, connection, personalization, authenticity, and autonomy were identified as dimensions of the co-creation experience. Also, variables of host-related factors, customer-related factors, factors related to other customers and the local community, technology-related factors, and accommodation-related factors were identified as determinants of the co-creation experience—moreover, functional value, cost value, social value, and experiential value as consequences.ConclusionsThe control dimension is one of the dimensions of the co-creation experience resulting from meta-synthesis analysis. The theoretical basis behind this result is the theory of self-efficacy. Customers participate in the co-creation process because they expect to increase self-efficacy. Another dimension of the co-creation experience is personalization. The theoretical foundations behind this result are theories of self-efficacy and self-image. Control affects all aspects of human interaction, so customers' search for a personalized online environment can be driven by their desire for control, and self-expression is an essential motivator for individuals to create. The learning dimension is another dimension of co-creation. The theoretical foundations behind this result are active and experiential learning theories. Theoretical foundations behind the concept of authenticity, as one of the dimensions of the co-creation experience, are existential authenticity and self-determination theories. While existential authenticity is a way in which tourists create their own identity to experience a more authentic sense of self by creating holiday activities, according to the theory of self-determination, intrinsically motivated behaviors are not alien and are original because they are self-determined. Connection means customers' access to information and social relationships with actors involved in the consumption experience. According to the self-determination theory, the three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and connection are the basis of the logic of behaviors. The last dimension is autonomy. According to the self-determination theory, autonomy refers to a person's sense of freedom and emphasizes intrinsic motivation. Unlike the traditional consumption process, co-creation involves autonomous activities with different actors.IntroductionThe country's hospitality industry is severely short of hotels. Many hotels are of low quality and demand high prices because there are no subsidies for hotels, and they are not occupied in all seasons. Also, the complex process of obtaining a construction permit, lack of necessary facilities, and payment of taxes and duties make the return of capital difficult and have reduced the motivation and desire of investors to build a hotel. In addition, hotels do not meet the needs of tourists to socialize and gain experience of local life due to their many restrictions and standard products. Given these problems of hotels and the high need for investment in hotels, and the limited government budget for investment, it is inevitable to use other methods to create accommodation facilities. One is to convert houses or part of houses into accommodation at a meager cost for the private sector or the government. The main problem with these accommodations in our country is that the owners of these accommodations, who are non-professionals and have yet to receive the necessary training, sometimes provide hospitality services in addition to their main job to earn more money, with new ways to satisfy tourists. One of how tourist-friendly countries have solved this problem and can help these resorts to operate more successfully is by taking advantage of the potential of tourist co-creation.On the other hand, in recent years, special attention has been paid to the consumption experience in the tourism industry. Recent research results emphasize the role of tourists in creating new and creative ideas for the growth of the tourism market. In Iran, however, this vital factor, unlike other tourist countries in the world, is not seen as a strategic opportunity for growth. Therefore, this research modeled the customer co-creation experience in peer-to-peer accommodations.Materials and MethodsThis research used the meta-synthesis method to synthesize previous qualitative studies. In this study, the seven-step meta-synthesis method established by Sandelowski and Barroso was used, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the sample texts in the meta-synthesis method.Discussion and ResultsSix dimensions of control, learning, connection, personalization, authenticity, and autonomy were identified as dimensions of the co-creation experience. Also, variables of host-related factors, customer-related factors, factors related to other customers and the local community, technology-related factors, and accommodation-related factors were identified as determinants of the co-creation experience—moreover, functional value, cost value, social value, and experiential value as consequences.ConclusionsThe control dimension is one of the dimensions of the co-creation experience resulting from meta-synthesis analysis. The theoretical basis behind this result is the theory of self-efficacy. Customers participate in the co-creation process because they expect to increase self-efficacy. Another dimension of the co-creation experience is personalization. The theoretical foundations behind this result are theories of self-efficacy and self-image. Control affects all aspects of human interaction, so customers' search for a personalized online environment can be driven by their desire for control, and self-expression is an essential motivator for individuals to create. The learning dimension is another dimension of co-creation. The theoretical foundations behind this result are active and experiential learning theories. Theoretical foundations behind the concept of authenticity, as one of the dimensions of the co-creation experience, are existential authenticity and self-determination theories. While existential authenticity is a way in which tourists create their own identity to experience a more authentic sense of self by creating holiday activities, according to the theory of self-determination, intrinsically motivated behaviors are not alien and are original because they are self-determined. Connection means customers' access to information and social relationships with actors involved in the consumption experience. According to the self-determination theory, the three basic psychological needs of autonomy, competence, and connection are the basis of the logic of behaviors. The last dimension is autonomy. According to the self-determination theory, autonomy refers to a person's sense of freedom and emphasizes intrinsic motivation. Unlike the traditional consumption process, co-creation involves autonomous activities with different actors.
Mehdi Yazdanshenas
Abstract
IntroductionCorporate social responsibility (CSR) includes the activities that a business conducts to affect society and/or the environment positively. Some scholars have pointed out the need for additional research regarding the additional potential positive social-based outcomes of CSR in the hospitality ...
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IntroductionCorporate social responsibility (CSR) includes the activities that a business conducts to affect society and/or the environment positively. Some scholars have pointed out the need for additional research regarding the additional potential positive social-based outcomes of CSR in the hospitality industry. Furthermore, management scholars argue that the interaction between the individual and organizational identification is iterative, whereas the individual's identity becomes intertwined with that of the organization. Also, the successful operation of a company is highly dependent on the attitudes and behavior of its staff. An important staff attitude for the success of a business is job involvement, which refers to the psychological bonds or personal identification that employees perceive regarding their jobs. Job involvement is considered one of the key factors affecting the quality of both individual and organizational outcomes. On the other hand, perceived organizational support refers to the employees’ overall beliefs about whether their organizations are ready to reward them for enhanced performance and care for their socio-emotional needs. Perceived organizational support also acts as an assurance that the organization will provide aid when needed. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of corporate social efforts on identification and involvement of hotels’ employees with the moderating role of organizational suppor.Materials and MethodsThis research was a descriptive and applied survey that all of the 5 star hotels of Tehran consisted of its statistical population, and 384 employees were selected for the research sample according to convenient sampling. Research data were collected using questionnaires: Park and Levy (2014)’s corporate social responsibility questionnaire, Meal and Tetrick (1992)’s identification questionnaire, Kanungo (1982)’s job involvement questionnaire, and Eisenberger et al. (1986)’s perceived organizational support questionnaire, and were analyzed according to structural equation modeling.Discussion and ResultsFindings show the positive effect of corporate social responsibility efforts on the identification and involvement of hotel employees. Also, data analysis confirmed that perceived organizational support positively moderates the relationship between corporate social responsibility and employees` identification and job involvement. Also, descriptive analysis of the main variables of the research, i.e., corporate social responsibility, job involvement, identification, and perceived organizational support, shows that the mentioned variables were at a higher level in the organizations studied in the present study average.ConclusionsIt can be said that corporate social responsibility efforts have considerable effects on the main work attitudes of hotels’ employees, especially on their identification and involvement. In addition, with the increasing of perceived organizational support, these effects can be increased as well. Future researchers are encouraged to study the consequences and effects of corporate social responsibility in other organizations active in the tourism industry. At the same time, by considering the role of demographic variables, more accurate classification of the impact of organizational social responsibility on the attitudes of hotel employees can be achieved. On the other hand, in addition to employee identification and job involvement, the effects of organizational social responsibility on different work attitudes such as organizational commitment and job satisfaction can be studied. In addition, there are other variables such as support of supervisors and colleagues, organizational trust, and group dynamics that can moderate the impact of organizational social responsibility on work attitudes in addition to perceiving organizational support.
Faranak Ranjbar Motalegh; Reza Vaezi; Mahmood Ziaee; Davoud Hoseinpour
Abstract
Policy agenda setting significantly affects tourism policies, describing which tourism issues make onto public policy agenda. Given the considerable gap in studying this stage, this paper seeks to explore Iran’s public policy agenda between 2013 and 2019 focusing on different types of tourism issues. ...
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Policy agenda setting significantly affects tourism policies, describing which tourism issues make onto public policy agenda. Given the considerable gap in studying this stage, this paper seeks to explore Iran’s public policy agenda between 2013 and 2019 focusing on different types of tourism issues. Conducting an archival study, data related to agenda indicators drawn from three institutional venues in Iran including legislative-led, executive-led and budget indicators. The results of qualitative content analysis of official documents showed that relatively a few numbers of the issues reached the agenda including those related to tourism management, developing tourism product, and enacting relevant rules and regulations. However, tourism marketing and tourism information management issues were less considered in the agenda setting process. It is argued that failure in getting different types of the issues on to the agenda could result in gaps in subsequent tourism policies, affecting tourism development.IntroductionConsidering Tourism as one of the fastest growing economic sectors, it is intorduced as an effective tool for economic development in Iran. Pursuing this goal, tourism policies play a vital role, since they determine the direction or course of action to develop tourism(Goeldner & Ritchie, 2009). However, the low contribution of tourism industry to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Iran (Bahmani & Namamian, 2021; Farzin, Abbaspoor, Ashrafi & Zargham Boroojeni, 2020) indicates that Iran’s tourism policies fail in pursuing their intended goals(Karoubi, Yavari Gohar, Zarea & Abbasi, 2020). Regardless of the quality of tourism policy, it is the successful transmission of tourism issues to the public policy agenda that assures policy formation in addressing these issues. In this regard, expolring agenda setting stage in public policy making could contribute to a better understanding of tourism policy making. Given the considerable gap in studying agenda setting, this paper seeks to explore Iran’s public policy agenda focusing on different types of tourism issues.Materials and MethodsThis study considers the status of different types of tourism issues on Iran’s public policy agenda over years between 2013 and 2019. Conducting an archival study, data drawn from three institutional venues in Iran including legislative-led, executive-led and budget indicators, looking for tourism related keywords in both title and context of the ofiicial documents. Qualitattive content analysis was used as the main method in two coding circles: open and axial coding. The emergent categories represent the main groups of the issues which made it onto the agenda.Discussion and ResultsThe relative share of tourism issues on the agenda was calculated through qualitative content analysis of 4800 officiacl documents including tourism policies, congressional hearings, tourism bills, Tourism proposals and the government spending. As a result, 486 documents were identified with focus on tourism issues. Minor changes in relative share of the issue on the agenda during 2013- 2019 reflect the failure in tourism agenda setting.Turning to the typology of the tourism issues, six categories identified: tourism management and organization, tourism product development, tourism rules and regulations, tourism marketing, tourism human resources and tourism information management. While the first three stood in the main category places in the most of the agenda indicators, issues related to marketing and information management has been less considered.ConclusionsUsing a variety of policy agenda indicators to study the transmission of different types of tourism issues to public policy process, this study differs from few past agenda setting research in the context of Iran in which only policies are explored.In conclusion, it is argued that the failure in getting different tourism issues onto the public policy agenda is one of the main challenges in tourism policy making and subsequently in tourism development in this country. Emphasizing on less considered issues as agenda setting priorities could effectively address the gaps in needed tourism policies. This paper suggests that participatory tourism management at macro level might facilitate the transmission of the tourism priorities towrads policy agenda.
akbar purfaraj
Zahra Nasrolahi; Neda Jahanbazi; Tahereh Naseri
Volume 9, Issue 28 , March 2015, , Pages 17-37
Abstract
Nowadays, tourism is one of the major constituents and it is considered as one of the main economic sources and an affecting factor on economic development of human societies. Tourism expansion is also affected on foreign exchange and national income, employment and other macroeconomic indicators. According ...
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Nowadays, tourism is one of the major constituents and it is considered as one of the main economic sources and an affecting factor on economic development of human societies. Tourism expansion is also affected on foreign exchange and national income, employment and other macroeconomic indicators. According to the importance of this subject and the role of tourism in economic development, this study first tries to evaluate and prioritize 16 provinces of Iran in terms of the types of tourism attractions and some of the economic growth indices using TOPSIS technique and then it tries to study the relationship between tourism attractions and economic growth indices using multivariable regression. Results indicate that Fars, Tehran and Khorasan Razavi provinces have the highest ratings in terms of tourist attractions . And man-made attractions effect on economic development more than natural and historical attractions.
tahereh shalchian
Volume 1, Issue 3 , March 2004, , Pages 17-37
Abstract
International society's reaction to the way of the world's communication, made analysts find a way toward nations’ contemplation and attempts of scientists and scholars provided a space for friendship and peace . Although Peace and Friendship strategies are still ambiguous. In the light of this ...
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International society's reaction to the way of the world's communication, made analysts find a way toward nations’ contemplation and attempts of scientists and scholars provided a space for friendship and peace . Although Peace and Friendship strategies are still ambiguous. In the light of this truth, tourism industry as the first & most effective step of creating a contemplate and common conceive of international & cultural concepts, is an essential need in the 3rd millennium and a great concern of different nation's . Guest & host society are the most important factors of the tourism industry. There are many societies which interpret the cultural idioms with the benefits of tourism industry. In this trend, cultural relationship & ecological communications lead to social changes bilateral affection of host & guest cultures are ignored. In 1995 , Wall , has affiliated this subject to the bilateral relation between cultural tourism & on the other word to the host and guest cultural relationship which needs to be discussed separately.
reza noorishadmahani
Volume 2, Issue 4 , June 2004, , Pages 17-30
Abstract
slamic arochaeolgy is a means for deeply understanding of slamic world that emerged 1400 years ago and till now is alive and has played a constructive role at different civilization from pain to Indonesia ( at three continents). 'his definition has two important features : on , it studies different territories ...
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slamic arochaeolgy is a means for deeply understanding of slamic world that emerged 1400 years ago and till now is alive and has played a constructive role at different civilization from pain to Indonesia ( at three continents). 'his definition has two important features : on , it studies different territories with different historical ,Cultural and .geographic structures and two , . it surveys and analyses those cultural phenomena which are active nowadays . these mentioned qualifications , supply a broad potentiality for Islamic countries in order of Vast majority of tourists , and this would be actualized by a proper planning . have tried at this article to explain and elucidate these two pacification
Ardeshir Shiri; Mahdi Dehghani Soltani; A'azam Soltani Banavandi; Hossein Farsizadeh
Volume 10, Issue 31 , September 2015, , Pages 19-39
Abstract
Along with increasing development of service economy and competition in hotelindustry, emotions accompanied with labor have become important within thisindustry. Surface and deep acting are considered as the strategies for emotionallabor, through which people try to control their own emotions in the ...
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Along with increasing development of service economy and competition in hotelindustry, emotions accompanied with labor have become important within thisindustry. Surface and deep acting are considered as the strategies for emotionallabor, through which people try to control their own emotions in the workplace.Therefore, present research has been carried out with the aim of studying andexamining the impact of emotional labor on customer's satisfaction through themediating role of job satisfaction in hotel industry.Population of the study consists of employees and customers of 4 and 5 starhotels in Tehran. In order to obtain sample size, Simple Random sampling waywas applied and 385 were selected. This research is regarded as an appliedstudy in terms of purpose and is a descriptive survey in terms of data collecting.In order to analyze data, structural equations' modeling was used.Findings showed that employees' job satisfaction and deep acting have asignificant impact on customer's satisfaction. Surface and deep acting have alsoa significant impact on customer's satisfaction through job satisfaction whilesurface acting has no significant impact on customer's satisfaction Byconsidering this fact that deep acting has a different mechanism in adjustingemotions compared to surface acting, Hotels may consider required trainingplans for employees to strengthen deep acting strategies, through which they canoffer effective deep acting. So, in this way, they can increase costumers’satisfaction
Faezeh Asadian Ardakani
Abstract
Today, the tourism industry is one of the most important service industries which competes closely with other industries in the world. In recent years, information technology has had a significant effect on all sectors of the industry. Electronic Tourism is the link between tourism and information ...
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Today, the tourism industry is one of the most important service industries which competes closely with other industries in the world. In recent years, information technology has had a significant effect on all sectors of the industry. Electronic Tourism is the link between tourism and information technology. Capability and competitive advantages of E-tourism are important factors in creating economic leap in the tourism industry. This study intends to employ the benefits of electronic tourism towards traditional tourism. So, this study offers comprehensive framework to identify and assess direct and indirect effects of each factor affecting the development of electronic tourism in Yazd province. For this purpose, first, factors affecting the development of electronic tourism in Yazd province were identified by comprehensive review of the literature and opinions of experts in the field. And then, these factors were rated using Interpretive Structural Modeling(ISM). The population of the research are academic tourism experts and professionals which are active in the tourism industry in Yazd province. Also interviews and questionnaires were used to gather data. The content validity of the questionnaire was approved by the experts. According to the results, "operating and financial possibilities", are the most basic factors in the development of electronic tourism of Yazd province that must be taken into serious consideration by executives in the industry. The results of this research will help policy makers, so that they can choose a better path for the development of electronic tourism.
mahmood ziaei
Volume 2, Issue 6 , December 2004, , Pages 19-37
rahmatolah farhoodi; mahmood shurcheh
Volume 2, Issue 7 , March 2005, , Pages 19-43
Abstract
Among applied and quantitative techniques in sustainable tourism, carrying capacity tourism is based on sustainability indicators and limit of acceptable changes (LAC) indicators, which calculate Effective or Permissible carrying capacity, Real carrying capacity and Physical carrying capacity in the ...
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Among applied and quantitative techniques in sustainable tourism, carrying capacity tourism is based on sustainability indicators and limit of acceptable changes (LAC) indicators, which calculate Effective or Permissible carrying capacity, Real carrying capacity and Physical carrying capacity in the location and management penguin sustainability. In this article first we surveyed sustainable tourism indicators regarding various roueiam locations tourism. Then we calculated tourism carrying capacity of Anahita Temple in Kandahar, Kermanshah, as case study. In the end we got this result that each tourism location has indicators its own special which are needed for a sustainable management of that location. By comparing present status of tourism activity in Anahita Temple carrying capacity we got this result that this is much lower than carrying capacity. Thus this studious in Anahita temple of the aspect it can leads to the more unsustainability because of sustainability indicators is incomplete and of the other aspect we can by prior planning and sustainable management guidance those toward to adaptive on indicators tourism carrying capacity.
Somayeh Mahmood; Bahram Ranjbaryan; Said Fathi
Volume 10, Issue 29 , April 2016, , Pages 21-44
Abstract
The purpose of this study first is to develop a model to measure Iran’s Image from the perspective of those who have not visited Iran and then to investigate the effects of some factors such as Macro image of the destination, tourists’ motivation for travelling to Iran and marketing communication ...
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The purpose of this study first is to develop a model to measure Iran’s Image from the perspective of those who have not visited Iran and then to investigate the effects of some factors such as Macro image of the destination, tourists’ motivation for travelling to Iran and marketing communication activities of the destination on the dimensions of the destination image. In the research, a mixed approach was adopted. The statistical populations of both quantitative and qualitative studies include members of Couch surfing and Linked-in social networks. For this purpose, a sample of 74 potential tourists were participated in the qualitative study and 520 ones were participated in the quantitative study. In order to identify the dimensions of the destination image, the content analysis technique was employed. The participants of the quantitative study were selected through a convenient sampling method. In order to identify the dimensions of the destination image exploratory factor analysis was applied. The research data were analyzed through confirmatory factor analysis in the AMOS software. The findings showed that Macro image of Iran, tourists’ motivation for traveling to Iran and marketing communication activities of the destination affect the dimensions and overall image of Iran. Destination image in turn affects the tourists’ intention to visit Iran.
Mohamad Reza Karimi Alavijeh; Mohammad Mehdi Ahmadi; Mahsa Nazari
Volume 10, Issue 32 , March 2016, , Pages 21-42
Abstract
Abstract: Religious tourism was one of the most prosper types of tourism in the world in the past. Islamic tourism is mainly, a new interpretation of religious tourism that merges pilgrimage and recreational tourism. In order to achieve tourism development strategies, it is important to evaluate the ...
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Abstract: Religious tourism was one of the most prosper types of tourism in the world in the past. Islamic tourism is mainly, a new interpretation of religious tourism that merges pilgrimage and recreational tourism. In order to achieve tourism development strategies, it is important to evaluate the satisfaction and loyalty of tourists in any tourist destination. Tourist satisfaction is important because it takes more tourists into the country and it has more foreign revenue for the country. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of of traditional values and Islamic values on the satisfaction and loyalty of Muslim tourists. In this study, 387 foreign tourists were selected using Convenience sampling method. The present study is applied based on the aim and descriptive based on the method. To evaluate the research hypotheses, Structural Equation Modeling in Amos22 was used. The findings showed the effects of of quality value, social value, Islamic physical attributes and non-physical attributes on the tourists' satisfaction and loyalty of Muslim tourists. In the final section, applications, limitations, and suggestions for future researches were presented.
mehdi karubi
Volume 1, Issue 2 , December 2003, , Pages 21-47
Abstract
Several Factors Has Effected In Tourism Industry Development. One of Them Is Culture Which Has Been Viewed From Attitued, Customs And Institutions In Tourism Societies Which Worked in Economics , Politics And etc. The Way of thinking And Behavior Depends on Culture And Can Be Used In Some Sources Among ...
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Several Factors Has Effected In Tourism Industry Development. One of Them Is Culture Which Has Been Viewed From Attitued, Customs And Institutions In Tourism Societies Which Worked in Economics , Politics And etc. The Way of thinking And Behavior Depends on Culture And Can Be Used In Some Sources Among Tourists And This ls The Collura! Relativism. In The Time Being In Tourism Industry , Global Culture Is Important Which Effected And The Public Has Been Encouraged Bu One Of The Culture . Know The Aspects of Culture In Global ls Divided In to Collectivism And Individualism. Collectivism Culture Belongs To The Third World And Individualism Culture Is Used To Developed Countries On The Other
Abstract
The tourism industry is one of the most susceptible industries against the crisis and crisis management in tourism industry would be turned into an inevitable necessity. The present study tries to provide practical solutions to the crisis in the tourism industry by defining and describing the crisis ...
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The tourism industry is one of the most susceptible industries against the crisis and crisis management in tourism industry would be turned into an inevitable necessity. The present study tries to provide practical solutions to the crisis in the tourism industry by defining and describing the crisis in the tourism industry, using the technique of the failure mode and effect analysis. This preventive approach is an action against what may happen in the future and obviously, the implementation of remedial measures in the early stages will cost less money and time. This is an applied developmental research which by examining existing models for crisis management and taking into account the nature of the services in the tourism industry, presented a model for managing crisis prevention in this industry. Finally, the proposed research model was validated by a team of industry and university experts.
