hamid amadeh; jasem abdollahi
Abstract
Eram Botanical Garden is located in the city of Shiraz in Fars province. Due to having tourist attractions and 450 different plant species, is one of the major monuments and attractions in Iran. The purpose of this study was to estimate the recreational value of Eram Botanical Garden using the contingent ...
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Eram Botanical Garden is located in the city of Shiraz in Fars province. Due to having tourist attractions and 450 different plant species, is one of the major monuments and attractions in Iran. The purpose of this study was to estimate the recreational value of Eram Botanical Garden using the contingent valuation method. To obtain the sample number, 300 questionnaires were completed by random sampling to pre-test. Based on the results of pre-test questionnaires and at 9% error level, the sample size was estimated to be 170. Finally, the designed questionnaire was completed by 170 individuals randomly. The results show that about 85% of people accept the proposed amount and based on the estimated model, the average willingness to pay was estimated 18,385 rials per visit. The total annual recreational value of the garden was estimated 14929906950 rials, the average annual recreational value per household was 816,294 rials and Eram Botanical Garden recreational value per hectare was estimated 1194392556 rials. The findings of this study could be a useful guide for policymakers, the country’s cultural heritage planners, and Shiraz municipality in order to determine the appropriate price of the ticket and to finance the costs of providing services and maintaining and restoration of this place.
Parvaneh Parchekani; Abdolreza Roknedin Eftekhari; Seyed saeed Hashemi
Abstract
This research was Expertise-Oriented and is conducted with aim of foresight sustainable branding of coastal tourism destinations via an illustrative-analyzing method. This research makes an effort to response this question that what is the best scenario for the sustainable branding of coastal tourism ...
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This research was Expertise-Oriented and is conducted with aim of foresight sustainable branding of coastal tourism destinations via an illustrative-analyzing method. This research makes an effort to response this question that what is the best scenario for the sustainable branding of coastal tourism destination? To do so, after extracting and customizing required indexes and propulsions, variables and the relationships among them were checked, key variables were detected and adoption degree of influential and impressive items was extracted. Then deterministic or effective and two-sided variables, risks, objectives, results, exceptions and sustainable branding adjustment variables were extracted and main scenarios authored according to them and architectured in three local, national and international levels. Also, 3 scenarios are presented with topics of “A transition with a reconstruction and improvement approach”, “Medium with a minimalistic retrieval approach” and “Optimal with a maximum retrieval approach”.
Ommolbanin Rezakhani; Zahra Nadalipour; Mina Hosseini
Abstract
Anti-competitive practices in the tourism market can be examined from two perspectives of marketing and competition law. Despite the importance of the issue, little attention has been paid to it, and only a few relevant studies have been conducted in Iran. The present study examines the anti-competitive ...
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Anti-competitive practices in the tourism market can be examined from two perspectives of marketing and competition law. Despite the importance of the issue, little attention has been paid to it, and only a few relevant studies have been conducted in Iran. The present study examines the anti-competitive practices in the travel and tourism services market in Iran and particularly among Tehran's travel agencies. To conduct this research, a semi-structured interview method, one of the important qualitative research tools, has been used. The statistical population of the research includes managers and experts in the field of tourism services and experts in the field of competition and competition law. By using the interpretive analysis method, the content of interviews has been reviewed and analyzed. According to the objectives of the research and coding process, the components were extracted and explained. The results indicate that there are instances of unilateral and multilateral anti-competitive practices in the market under study. The intensity of these procedures varies depending on being a retailer or wholesaler. Finally, several recommendations have been made. IntroductionIn the past, for various reasons, including increased demand for supply and limited competition in various fields, the demands and needs of customers were not paid much attention, and people were forced to choose and receive the goods and services they need with any quality. However, today, due to the increased number of suppliers and customers and the formation of competition of production and service organizations to survive and increase profitability and market share, it is forced to provide more diverse goods and services. In this regard, competition was formed among suppliers to provide better quality goods or services. Researchers believe that high quality and customer satisfaction levels lead to customer loyalty; this is especially true in the service industry (Hossain and Leo, 2009). Large tour operators and travel agencies are among the main players of the travel distribution system. Large tour operators can take away the tourism market from their neighbors by forcing them to sign exclusive agreements. Thus, smaller agencies face serious barriers to entering the market and do not have the power to establish a new agency and are forced to exit the market (Papatheodoro, 2003). For shaping fair competition in the tourism industry, regulatory tools are needed, and competition law can take the market situation out of Monopoly by creating conditions for fair competition. The Competition Law sub-section deals with anti-competitive practices, including unilateral and collective agreements (vertical and horizontal agreements) and disruptive mergers, each of which is an example of behavior that causes. They disrupt market competition. Competition to improve service quality is generally recognized as a key strategic issue for organizations operating in the service sector. Organizations that achieve a higher level of service quality will have higher levels of customer satisfaction as a prelude to achieving a sustainable competitive advantage (Guo et al., 2008). Today, Iran's tourism industry, like other industries, needs competition to increase quality and efficiency. Therefore, the main question of the present study is to what extent the issue of competition has been formed healthily and fairly among the existing tourism businesses? And if there are anti-competitive forces and procedures in the tourism market? The present study seeks to know what these procedures are. Materials and MethodsThe present study is descriptive. The statistical population consists of both managers and experts in travel agencies and professors in the relevant field. All interviewees have had either university education or experiences in the field of travel and tourism services. By using two judgment and snowball sampling methods, 14 people were selected as a sample. The criterion for selecting this number of samples was to achieve saturation. The average interview time was one hour. In this study, due to the impossibility of gathering experts simultaneously in a joint meeting, the interview method was chosen. Interviews were recorded, written, and coded. Semi-structured interviews were used, and the data obtained from the interviews were analyzed using thematic analysis. Discussion and ResultsBased on the research findings and according to the content analysis map that was extracted and discussed, the results can be mentioned as follows:Given the "use of dominant position," which is one of the unilateral anti-competitive procedures, factors such as technology, and the emergence of startups and the elimination of intermediaries have changed the face of competition among activists in the travel and tourism services in Tehran. On the other hand, managerial problems and the entry of the public sector as a strong competitor for private sector activists are mentioned as a challenge by activists in this field. From the perspective of the anti-competitive practice of "price distortion," the nature of being seasonal is one of the reasons mentioned, which has led to the formation of unconventional discounts and unregulated auctions in this sector. On the other hand, Monopoly is one example of "price disruption" among the agencies under study, both in terms of service nature and aggressive pricing. Another challenging issue for activists is their concern about rent, which significantly impacts competitive mechanisms in this market in terms of both communication and power. On the other hand, due to the anti-competitive practice of "disrupting the transaction, " the interviewees listed factors such as lack of supervision, customer type and Monopoly, and believe that circumventing the rules shows weakness and inefficiency of existing laws, has fueled anti-competitive instances. Customers, depending on the type of relationship they have with the organization (permanent and loyal or temporary, with different social and economic classes and their level of awareness of services), also have a significant impact on decision-making that can enrich antitrust procedures. On the other hand, the influence of charterers is also an issue that should not be overlooked. Another important factor in unilateral anti-competitive practices is the way of governing in this field are as follows, all challenges directly or indirectly address the quality of governance: illegal activities, the inefficiency of standards, lack of support from brokers, lack of experts among relevant authorities, lack of a well-codified plan, and the lack of continuous oversight. On vertical collective antitrust practices, issues, as follows, have been mentioned: such as "environmental factors" in the form of the seasonal nature of industry and sanctions; "monopoly" due to the specialized nature of the routes that in some cases have made Monopoly inevitable; "chartering collusion" with airlines so that others are unable to compete with them and it has become impossible to control ticket prices on some charters (which may eventually lead to the loss of passengers' rights); "wholesale cooperation with individuals "; and "comparative and competitive advantages," which have led to the distinction, specialization, and type of Monopoly. Here, management and governance are of great importance, as examples such as economic rents, lack of standards and managerial inefficiency, the formation of anti-competitive examples, and collusion among monopolists.Regarding horizontal collective anti-competitive practices, for reasons such as agencies' unwillingness to cooperate in groups, low power, large numbers, and the entry of the public sector and support for monopolies, it is impossible to form collusion among retail agencies. However, among wholesalers, there is a potential for Monopoly, which their influence and power can exemplify in setting prices, eliminating retailers, and aligning with the policies of other wholesalers. And limited and constant supply capacity of some products and services has paved the way for Monopoly as much as possible. ConclusionsToday, due to changes in the travel and tourism services market, including reducing problems and barriers to entry and the emergence of new entrants to this market, we are witnessing a relatively significant competition among businesses providing travel and tourism services. Also, the presence of e-agencies in cyberspace with irrational discounts and sometimes tour operators' direct sales has increased the pressures of competition for travel and tourism agencies and has led to bankruptcy. In addition, technology has made tourists more inclined to travel independently and with personal planning, which will affect the performance and profitability of agencies. On the other hand, competition in the tourism industry has a dynamic meaning, which has led to some anti-competitive practices. But business owners and sometimes customers are not aware of these anti-competitive practices. They do not know that this issue can be investigated within the legal framework and can be followed up. Examining the practical procedure of the Competition Council , the cases raised since the establishment of the Competition Council in this institution also show that travel agencies have not yet complained about the violation of market competition. It is noteworthy that the Competition Council, in its report on various markets, has not yet examined the possibility of anti-competitive practices in the tourism market. However, despite the lack of practice, the present study results indicate that there are competitive concerns about the tourism market. The majority of the interviewees mentioned the existence of an anti-competitive approach acknowledged "in many cases this also affects supply and demand." As a result, in analyzing the results of this research, it should be said that not only there is a dominant position, but there are also signs of abuse of a dominant position in this market. On the other hand, unlike the European legislature, the view of the Iranian legislature does not limit unilateral anti-competitive practices to dominant economic enterprises. However, in the tourism market, based on the data of the present study, it can be seen that the implementation of unilateral anti-competitive procedures by firms with a dominant position does not lead to the reaction of the competition regulator. There is evidence in this study that aggressive pricing, restricting resale, transaction discrimination, and misleading statements are alarm bells that the Competition Council should take seriously.
angella ameli; farzad fakhimi
Abstract
This research tries to investigate the relationships among factors of satisfaction, image, trust, effective relations, and loyalty. The statistical population of this research consists of members of the Iran Air’s Sky Gift Club (In three levels of Gold, Silver and Blue). As for the sampling technique, ...
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This research tries to investigate the relationships among factors of satisfaction, image, trust, effective relations, and loyalty. The statistical population of this research consists of members of the Iran Air’s Sky Gift Club (In three levels of Gold, Silver and Blue). As for the sampling technique, random sampling is used; and questionnaire is employed as data gathering tool. For the reliability testing we get use of split-half technique. Additionally, tests of Chi-square, Friedman and Spearman's correlation coefficient are conducted for examining the research questions and obtaining the results. Findings demonstrate that factors of satisfaction, image, trust, and effective relations, have influence on passengers’ loyalty in every one of the three levels, although differing in priority of impacts. According to the findings, for Golden Passengers the most effective factor on the loyalty is trust, while the least effective belongs to image. In the Silver level, effective relations have the most and image has the least influence on loyalty. In the Blue level, satisfaction and effective relations are of the most and the least influences respectively.
Elaheh Mohammadzadehlotfi; Tahereh Ashtiani; Fatemeh I zadiyazdani
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to investigate the effective factors in the development of historical tourism in times of crisis in Tehran with the approach of resistance economics. The method used is descriptive-analytical method. The sample size was determined based on Morgan table equal to 384 people. ...
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The purpose of this article is to investigate the effective factors in the development of historical tourism in times of crisis in Tehran with the approach of resistance economics. The method used is descriptive-analytical method. The sample size was determined based on Morgan table equal to 384 people. Data collection tools include a 59-item researcher-made questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using Friedman test and SPSS software and structural equation path analysis in AMOS software. Also, in terms of prioritizing the economic index with a coefficient of 0.27 in the first place, the infrastructure-structural index with a coefficient of 0.24 in the second place and the environmental index with a coefficient of 0.22 in the third place and the socio-cultural index with a coefficient of 0.19 in the fourth place.
mohammad reza fallah; Abolfazl Hatami; Tahere Rezaei
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to provide a framework for explaining the preconditions for successful entry of entrepreneurs into the field of ecotourism. The approach of this qualitative research is in terms of applied purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population ...
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The purpose of this study is to provide a framework for explaining the preconditions for successful entry of entrepreneurs into the field of ecotourism. The approach of this qualitative research is in terms of applied purpose and in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method. The statistical population of the study consists of experts and activists in the field of ecotourism with at least 2 years of experience, which has been obtained using Theoretical sampling method and exploratory interviews with 14 saturated people. In this study, Glaser- grounded theory was used to analyze the data, as a result of which 30 events were labeled in 4 concepts and 2 main categories. Findings show that in order for entrepreneurs to successfully enter the field of entrepreneurship, a kind of synergy must be created between empowering and capacity building factors through multiple interactions between motivating, facilitating, developing and grounding factors.
Shahrm Salavati; Naser Khani
Volume 8, Issue 21 , April 2013, , Pages 167-187
Abstract
Websites are major actors in the expansion of tourism activities and attracting tourists nowadays. In this line, benefitting from a website with proper attributes can play a pivotal role in attracting tourists to the industry in general and to the hotel industry in particular. The present study evaluates ...
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Websites are major actors in the expansion of tourism activities and attracting tourists nowadays. In this line, benefitting from a website with proper attributes can play a pivotal role in attracting tourists to the industry in general and to the hotel industry in particular. The present study evaluates Iranian hotel websites in order to measure the compatibility of their e-commerce activities. To achieve this goal, content analysis was used to evaluate 48 website features of 57 Iranian hotels with different ratings (one to five-stars). Findings manifest that internet adoption in the hotel industry in Iran is in its early stages. E-commerce related activities are very minimal and online reservations are not effectively present in them
Hamideh Khaksar Astaneh; Vahid Kalate Arabi; Ali Sardar Shahraki
Abstract
In this study, willingness to pay (WTP) of the visitors of "shahresukhte" has been determined with the use of conditional valuationmethod (CVM) and dichotomous choice questionnaire. Willingness topay is calculated with Logit model, and the parameters of the modelare estimated by maximum likelihood method. ...
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In this study, willingness to pay (WTP) of the visitors of "shahresukhte" has been determined with the use of conditional valuationmethod (CVM) and dichotomous choice questionnaire. Willingness topay is calculated with Logit model, and the parameters of the modelare estimated by maximum likelihood method. Results revealed that58% of the research sample were willing to pay for their visit to"shahre sukhte". The average willingness to pay for each visit to theplace equaled to 6563 Rials and the total recreational value wasestimated to be more than 1292 Million Rials per year. Additionally, itwas indicated that variables of age, income, Antiquities-relatedoccupations or fields of study, and the perceived importance ofprotection of historical collections, had significant effects onwillingness to pay. The influencing factors on willingness to pay wererelated to the importance of historical collections protection,occupation or field of study associated with the Antiquities, familysize, age and income, respectively.
Ghasem Zarei; Mohammad Bashokouh Ajirlou; Zeynab Mahmoudi Pachal
Abstract
In a highly competitive tourism market, marketers aim to increase their brand equity by focusing on key factors as the brand equity dimensions. The degree of correlation between these dimensions makes the evaluation of tourists from one dimension also overshadow other dimensions, This issue is of particular ...
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In a highly competitive tourism market, marketers aim to increase their brand equity by focusing on key factors as the brand equity dimensions. The degree of correlation between these dimensions makes the evaluation of tourists from one dimension also overshadow other dimensions, This issue is of particular importance in the tourist final assessment of the destination. In this regard, the present study seeks to investigate the correlation between the dimensions of the customer-centric brand equity of Sareyn tourist destination. This is an applied research and in terms of the data collection method, it is descriptive-survey. The data of 384 questionnaires which was made by the researcher has been analyzed by structural equation method using SPSS 20 and 18AMOS software. The questionnaire’s validity has been confirmed by experts and its reliability (Cronbach's alpha) for all dimensions approved. Finally, the research findings show a relatively high correlation between all the dimensions of the brand equity of Sareyn tourist destination. But the highest correlation is between perceived quality and value (0.89), and the least correlation is between image and brand perceived value (0.53). Therefore, due to the importance of these dimensions in assessing the tourists of this destination, regional tourism Managers and planners should pay more attention to promoting these dimensions and raising the level of satisfaction and as a result, increase the positive evaluation of tourists from the brand of this destination
tourism management
Salimeh sadat Khosravi; Nader Naderi
Abstract
In the era of digital transformation, Big Data have assumed a crucial role in changing the global travel and providing significant challenges and opportunities for established companies, as well as new entrants into the tourism industry. this study sought to fill the knowledge gap of linkage the relationships ...
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In the era of digital transformation, Big Data have assumed a crucial role in changing the global travel and providing significant challenges and opportunities for established companies, as well as new entrants into the tourism industry. this study sought to fill the knowledge gap of linkage the relationships between big data and marketing strategy with comprehensive viewpoints across different research fields in tourism and hospitality literatures. This study aims to identify and present a comprehensive model of data driven marketing in smart tourism. This study is conducted by Meta-synthesis approach. After performing CASP analysis, eventually,47 papers are investigated. we identified and prioritized the consequences, challenges, prerequisites and Dimensions of data driven marketing in smart tourism. After investigating the articles, we identified and prioritized the consequences of BD in 7 major Category including: 1-process 2-people 3-product 4-physical evidence 5-promotion 6-place 7-price. This research has contributed to the expansion of the research literature`s knowledge body and can provide researchers and marketing managers with a through understanding of tourism and hospitality in the field of data-driven marketing.Introduction The epistemology of the literature on big data in hospitality and tourism operations provides enormous opportunities and has dynamically revolutionized this discipline, attracting attention from academics. In view of emergency events, such as the current COVID-19 pandemic, tourism and hospitality scholars across different disciplines have highlighted the role of big data trends in improving the quality of marketing strategies. For example, Iorio et al. (2020) asserted that big data can be a useful source of information that can not only interpret unstructured data through the knowledge discovery process but also predict tourists’ behaviour when facing requirements that are changeable.Gallego and Font (2020) asserted that managers might use big data to detect the reactivation of visitors to develop targeted marketing strategies and diminish the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, big data analysis provides a better understanding of the social change in present and future issues and value creation by comparing cross-sectional data in diverse areas.Materials and MethodsThis research used the meta-synthesis method to synthesize previous qualitative studies. In this study, the seven-step meta synthesis method established by Sandelowski and Barroso was used, and thematic analysis was used to analyze the sample texts in the meta-synthesis method. Discussion and Resultswe identified and prioritized the consequences of BD in 7 major Category including: 1-process 2-people 3-product 4-physical evidence 5-promotion 6-place 7-price. And Challenges of BD in 4 Category including: 1- Ethical and privacy issues 2- Management and financial issues 3- Technological, human and organizational challenges 4- Data reliability and data accessConclusionsOn the demand side, there has been a massive transformation in consumer behaviour. Consumers have become more experienced, independent and irrational due to changes in their values, lifestyles and demographic patterns. This has forced the supply side to shift from mass marketing to personalized marketing through the rules of market segmentation. The production process has also become more consumer centric. Furthermore, as a sign of a new era in ICTs, concepts such as big data, IoT and AI have recently gained significant importance in many sectors because the developments in ICTs have accelerated worldwide. Tourism is one of the important fields that use these concepts and will also be influenced to a great extent. Such changes will occur in the “P”s of tourism and hospitality marketing on the supply side and consumer behaviour on the demand side. As for the retransformation of tourism and hospitality marketing, new forms of “P”s can be explained as below: First, tourism products and services will be redesigned with the help of ICTs.Products and services will become more destination-oriented and smart destinations will be the core of tourism products and services. Second, the ability to use information technology and develop more technology-oriented products and services will be an indicator of pricing and value. Third, the place where all purchasing and transactions to be handled will become much more virtual. Finally, the promotion will also be more virtual-centric, where consumer decision-making can be influenced by the experience of other consumer peers and more personalized communication channels will be part of online or virtual marketing.
Dr. Zohre Dehdashti Shahrokh; Ghadir Shakiba Jamal Abad
Volume 8, Issue 22 , June 2013, , Pages 170-197
Abstract
Tourism has many positive effects on the economic, social and cultural status of societies and has been able to attract the attention of public and private sectors. But with the advent of information technology, a new form of tourism - e-tourism -is witnessed, which its adoption in tourism sectors, depends ...
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Tourism has many positive effects on the economic, social and cultural status of societies and has been able to attract the attention of public and private sectors. But with the advent of information technology, a new form of tourism - e-tourism -is witnessed, which its adoption in tourism sectors, depends heavilyontheadministrators’ perspectives and strategicvision of senior managersin its preparation, adoption, implementation and institutionalization. Therefore making use of a hypothetical model, we intend to examine the effective strategic components in institutionalization of electronic tourism, from the viewpoint of managers of this industry. The questionnaire-survey was done on a sample size of 310 from a statistical populationofoperatingmanagers, marketing managersand sales managers of tourism websites. After, theresearchmodelwasfitted by LISREL software and the hypotheseswereexamined. Finally, out of seven researchhypo theses, four were accepted. Conclusion is that organizational support and managerial productivity directly influence e-tourism adoption through influencing perception of strategic value, and Perceived Organizational Electronic Readiness components; however, lack of due attention to the implementation strategies, has hindered E-tourism to be institutionalized properly.
Abbasgholi Sangi Nour Pour
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of market orientation on financial performance and the mediating role of customer satisfaction and loyalty. A conceptual model has been used to establish the hypotheses. Data were collected by random cluster sampling from 196 employees of active ...
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The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of market orientation on financial performance and the mediating role of customer satisfaction and loyalty. A conceptual model has been used to establish the hypotheses. Data were collected by random cluster sampling from 196 employees of active travel agencies in North West of Iran. Data have been tested using Structural Equation Modeling. The results indicate the positive impact of market orientation on financial performance. Also, the findings support the mediating role of loyalty between customer satisfaction and financial performance. However, there are no solid reasons for the mediating role of customer satisfaction between market orientation and financial performance. Testing the suggested research model for the first time in the targeted community is considered an innovative aspect. Suggestions presented to managers of travel agencies, as well as future researchers.
mostafa ghadami; sadegh salehi
Volume 2, Issue 7 , March 2005, , Pages 173-203
Abstract
The relationship between tourism and agriculture has been a challenging liaison in the tourism development literature. The state of relationship between these two important industries varies through a two-poled spectrum in which conflict is on one end and growth on the other. Given that most tourism ...
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The relationship between tourism and agriculture has been a challenging liaison in the tourism development literature. The state of relationship between these two important industries varies through a two-poled spectrum in which conflict is on one end and growth on the other. Given that most tourism destinations of the world are faced with rapid changes, adjusting the relationship between the two industries to move from a conflicting stance into a compatible situation, is a challenge for spatial management and planning. Coastal areas of Caspian Sea are concurrently agricultural and touristic destinations. With the increasing changes of the area in the recent decades, the relationship quality between the two sectors has become a critical issue in planning and regional development. Being this a matter of great concern in the region, this paper aims to investigate the entity of relationship between tourism and agriculture, and to identify the factors affecting the manner of this relationship, and finally to suggest some solutions. A survey analysis was conducted upon a statistical population consisting of farmers, administrations, real estate agents, and lawyers from two different areas: mountainous region of Chalous and plain lands of Nowshahr County. Results indicated that the relationship between stated industries is of the winner-loser type, being conflicting and destructive; as a matter of weaknesses in land-use management mechanisms, grave weaknesses in agriculture sector, mushrooming of real-estate agencies all around the area, and farmers’ attitudes regarding welfare—not expecting it to be achieved by way of agriculture. Finally the followings are suggested: Effective support of strategic agricultural products by government, reformation of land laws and regulations, establishing coherent executive and use-management mechanisms, and formulation of a structural-strategic plan for the purpose of spatial development in the region.
mostafa ghadami; sadegh salehi
Volume 7, Issue 17 , March 2012, , Pages 173-203
Abstract
The relationship between tourism and agriculture has been a challenging liaison in the tourism development literature. The state of relationship between these two important industries varies through a two-poled spectrum in which conflict is on one end and growth on the other. Given that most tourism ...
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The relationship between tourism and agriculture has been a challenging liaison in the tourism development literature. The state of relationship between these two important industries varies through a two-poled spectrum in which conflict is on one end and growth on the other. Given that most tourism destinations of the world are faced with rapid changes, adjusting the relationship between the two industries to move from a conflicting stance into a compatible situation, is a challenge for spatial management and planning. Coastal areas of Caspian Sea are concurrently agricultural and touristic destinations. With the increasing changes of the area in the recent decades, the relationship quality between the two sectors has become a critical issue in planning and regional development. Being this a matter of great concern in the region, this paper aims to investigate the entity of relationship between tourism and agriculture, and to identify the factors affecting the manner of this relationship, and finally to suggest some solutions. A survey analysis was conducted upon a statistical population consisting of farmers, administrations, real estate agents, and lawyers from two different areas: mountainous region of Chalous and plain lands of Nowshahr County. Results indicated that the relationship between stated industries is of the winner-loser type, being conflicting and destructive; as a matter of weaknesses in land-use management mechanisms, grave weaknesses in agriculture sector, mushrooming of real-estate agencies all around the area, and farmers’ attitudes regarding welfare—not expecting it to be achieved by way of agriculture. Finally the followings are suggested: Effective support of strategic agricultural products by government, reformation of land laws and regulations, establishing coherent executive and use-management mechanisms, and formulation of a structural-strategic plan for the purpose of spatial development in the region.
mahmud hasanpour; zeynab ahmadi; hasan elyasi
Volume 5, Issue 14 , February 2011, , Pages 176-197
Abstract
In the recent years, deserts of Iran have been experiencing an ongoing boost of demand on the part of tourists. Given the sensitivity and fragility of these environments, accompanying the nonexistence of a comprehensive tourism development plan, the necessity for awareness and special attention to these ...
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In the recent years, deserts of Iran have been experiencing an ongoing boost of demand on the part of tourists. Given the sensitivity and fragility of these environments, accompanying the nonexistence of a comprehensive tourism development plan, the necessity for awareness and special attention to these areas has become highlighted. The present research based on tourism sustainability approach, tries to calculate the tourism carrying capacity of three desert destinations: Shahdad, Maranjab-Band e Rig, and Mesr-Farahzad. For this purpose, first by reviewing the literature and asking professionals’ opinions, the influencing indices on tourism carrying capacity of the regions were identified; afterwards, the ‘physical’, ‘real’, and ‘efficient’ carrying capacities were calculated for both extensive and intensive tourism zones. Results indicate that Maranjab-Band e Rig, and Shahdad have higher tourism carrying capacity in comparison with Mesr-Farahzad area. Also findings show that these areas can improve their tourism carrying capacities by developing their infrastructures and services. Furthermore, the current ‘real’ carrying capacities of these areas were found to be over-loaded in the intensive tourism zones.
tourism management
Vahid Mirzaei; Hamed Erfaniyan
Abstract
IntroductionThe highly competitive service industry often experiences customer aggression towards frontline employees, causing stress and discomfort for service workers, and leading to decreased motivation and job satisfaction. The theory of conservation of resources suggests that retaining valuable ...
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IntroductionThe highly competitive service industry often experiences customer aggression towards frontline employees, causing stress and discomfort for service workers, and leading to decreased motivation and job satisfaction. The theory of conservation of resources suggests that retaining valuable employees is crucial for service organizations to differentiate themselves from competitors, especially as employee turnover can lead to the loss of brand equity (Wheeler et al., 2006). Ensuring employee satisfaction and mitigating the impact of customer aggression are essential to maintaining service quality in the hospitality industry, where customers have become increasingly discerning and can easily switch between service providers. Active managers in service organizations attempt to reduce emotional exhaustion among employees through effective counseling and coaching. Despite these efforts, customer aggression and negative behavior towards hotel employees continue to persist, leading to job dissatisfaction and high turnover rates. In service organizations like hotels, intense competition and customer aggression have led to a submissive organizational culture that causes stress and anxiety among employees, ultimately resulting in high turnover rates (Abbas et al., 2014). Mashhad, as a tourist-friendly city, has experienced a recent surge in hotel development, increasing the competition among service organizations. While paying attention to the role of frontline employees in providing tourism services and hospitality to customers can effectively attract and retain customers, observations indicate that frontline employees in the hotel industry face aggressiveness and inappropriate behavior from customers. The present study investigates the mediating role of emotional exhaustion, as well as the moderating roles of distributive justice and organizational pride in the context of five-star hotels in Mashhad.Materials and MethodsThe present research employed a field data collection method and the method of descriptive correlation. The statistical population of the research consisted of the staff of five-star hotels in Mashhad in 2021. Cochran’s formula and simple random sampling method were used to select a sample of 110 participants. Six standard questionnaires were used to collect the data. The validity of the questionnaires were approved by the experts, and the reliability was measured and confirmed by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. To analyze the data, the study employed both descriptive statistics (frequency and percentage) and inferential statistics (skewness-elongation and structural equation method with a partial least squares approach) through Amos software.Results and DiscussionThe results showed a significant relationship between customer aggression and turnover intention. Moreover, the study found that emotional fatigue mediates the relationship between customer aggression and job satisfaction and job satisfaction and turnover intention. The first research hypothesis was confirmed as customer aggression has a positive and significant relationship with emotional fatigue. The findings also supported the second hypothesis by showing the mediating role of emotional fatigue in the relationship between customer aggression and job satisfaction. Concerning the third hypothesis, the results showed that there is a significant inverse relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. Testing the fourth hypothesis, the study found that distributive justice moderates the relationship between customer aggression and emotional fatigue. Finally, concerning the fifth hypothesis, the results showed that organizational pride moderates the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention.ConclusionThe present study aimed to investigate the mediating role of emotional fatigue and the moderating role of distributive justice and organizational pride in the relationship between customer aggression and turnover intention. The first hypothesis was supported as the findings showed that customer aggression has a positive and significant relationship with emotional fatigue, which is consistent with prior research conducted by Katb et al. (2009), Behzor and Yagil (2005), and Grandey et al. (2007). Hotel employees are exposed to high levels of stress in the workplace. Due to the lack of organizational support and insufficient training, they are unable to deal with the stressful situations related to customer aggression and anger management. Consequently, their emotional fatigue increases, their satisfaction decreases, and their desire to leave the job increases. The second hypothesis showed that emotional fatigue mediates the relationship between customer aggression and job satisfaction, which is consistent with the findings of Han et al. (2016) and Karatepe et al. (2009). According to this hypothesis, customer aggression reduces employee job satisfaction by increasing emotional fatigue. Low job satisfaction due to emotional fatigue caused by customer aggression leads to employee turnover intention. Employees who lack the ability to control themselves and are faced with potentially verbally aggressive customers in the workplace may experience job dissatisfaction. Emotional fatigue can have a destructive effect on job satisfaction of service employees. Concerning the third hypothesis, the findings indicated a significant inverse relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. In this case, the results are consistent with the findings of Mortazavi and Rajabipour Meibodi (2011), Samad (2006), Rahim Nia and Hoshiar (2010), Islam et al. (2014), Saleh et al. (2012) and Shahbazi et al. (2008). This finding highlights the problem of turnover of specialized forces and managers, which is a significant issue in today’s organizations and can be the bane of the organizational movement and of the managers who seek to preserve, maintain, and improve the productivity of human resources. If employees are not satisfied with their job, the probability of leaving the organization increases. The types of employee turnover available to them are related to their job and organizational satisfaction. Thus, hotel managers can decrease turnover intention by satisfying their employees.Regarding the fourth hypothesis, the findings showed that distributive justice moderates the relationship between customer aggression and emotional fatigue. The finding suggests that employees’ emotional fatigue increases when they face customer aggression and perceive a lack of organizational justice in terms of fair allocation of rights, rewards, facilities, and work schedules. Moreover, when employees feel that decision-making procedures and methods concerning their conditions are fair and just, their understanding of distributive justice increases, and they will likely behave better towards clients. The results are also supported by Jafari (2015) and Golparvar and Nadi (2008). The results of the fifth hypothesis showed that organizational pride moderates the relationship between job satisfaction and turnover intention. This finding suggests that employees with high job satisfaction and organizational pride are less likely to leave their jobs. Therefore, if employees are proud of their organization, they become more emotionally and psychologically attached to their work environment. More attached to their work, such employees show increased commitment to providing services to customers and decreased desire to leave their work environment.
ehsan salimmi sudarjani; davood mahmudi nia; ali zarei namin; farshid poor shahabi
Abstract
Given the importance of tourism industries and the revenues that can be imported to developing countries, in this current study, we have investigated the effect of tourism revenue on economic growth of D8 Islamic countries. For this purpose, we use panel data method with fixed and random effects estimator, ...
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Given the importance of tourism industries and the revenues that can be imported to developing countries, in this current study, we have investigated the effect of tourism revenue on economic growth of D8 Islamic countries. For this purpose, we use panel data method with fixed and random effects estimator, during 1995-2006. The results show that the revenues from tourism have the positive and significant effect on economic growth of these countries. Also the effect of other variables, such as labor force, share of export to GDP, human capital and gross fixed capital formation on economic growth are positive and statistically significant. Hence we suggested that D8 countries increase investment in tourism industries and provide facilities to attract tourism.
saeid saeida; Fereshteh Pezeshki Najaf Abadi; Seyed Mahdi Alhosseini Almodarresi; Farideh sadat Hosseini
Abstract
The emerging market of senior tourism in Iran requires fundamental studies in various dimensions, including the behavior of senior tourists. The cognitive system of individuals is an internal factor affecting consumer behavior. The purpose of this study was to extract the cognitive structure of Iranian ...
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The emerging market of senior tourism in Iran requires fundamental studies in various dimensions, including the behavior of senior tourists. The cognitive system of individuals is an internal factor affecting consumer behavior. The purpose of this study was to extract the cognitive structure of Iranian Senior Tourists (ISTs) towards the accommodation as one of the important elements in the development of Iranian senior tourism. In other words, for the first time, this study presents the cognitive structure toward accommodation at more abstract levels of features, using the means-end chain (MEC) approach. Using Laddering Technique and in-depth interview with 30 senior citizens of Shiraz, the Hierarchical Value Map of ISTs was created, as a result of which six key MECs were identified. Thus, 11 accommodation characteristics, 9 outcomes and 3 dominant values that the ISTs wish to realize were identified. The attributes of cleanliness, location of accommodation, security and price, the consequences of maintaining health, good feeling and peace of mind, and the values of security and positive emotions were most frequently cited by senior tourists. Due to the lack of qualitative studies in the field of the behavior of ISTs, the findings of this study can be used as a key basis for segmenting the senior tourist market and formulating accommodation placement strategies in Iran.
Amir Mohammad Colabi
Abstract
Introduction
The tourism industry is recognized as an asset for economic growth and poverty reduction in developing countries. World Tourism Organization reports show that the tourism industry is a leader in job creation. Many natural, cultural, and historical assets in developing countries create a ...
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Introduction
The tourism industry is recognized as an asset for economic growth and poverty reduction in developing countries. World Tourism Organization reports show that the tourism industry is a leader in job creation. Many natural, cultural, and historical assets in developing countries create a comparative advantage in the tourism industry, hence a potential source of income for emerging economies. Sustainable tourism development is not possible without economic or social activities. The tourism industry is considered not only as the most extensive service industry at the global level but also as an essential job-creating industry. The concept of ecosystem captures the actors that are interdependent and make up the industry. The tourism ecosystem is a powerful tool for understanding the relationship between nature, society, and business. It can create competition and economically stimulate the development of the tourism industry. The tourism ecosystem achieves sustainable development by upgrading existing markets and creating new ones. Therefore, the tourism ecosystem can help achieve the objective of fostering economic and social development of a given geographical area. Attending to the sustainable tourism ecosystem can also bring about the satisfaction of tourists and residents in tourist areas. The development of the tourism industry can lead to economic development and improvement of infrastructure. In this respect, the sustainable tourism ecosystem can play an essential role, paving the way for new opportunities in less developed areas.
Materials and Methods
As a developmental–applied, descriptive, and exploratory research, the present study used a mixed methods research design incorporating both qualitative and quantitative data. Concerning the qualitative aspect, the meta-synthesis approach was used. Then, in the quantitative stage, the Shannon entropy method was employed to determine the coefficients of the identified factors. Hypertext is a method used here to review, synthesize, and evaluate past studies. In other words, the meta-synthesis approach examines the results obtained from other studies, leading to more new results. The data of the present study included the previous researches on the factors affecting sustainable tourism ecosystems. Having applied the purposeful sampling method, the research selected 39 studies as the final set of data. Then, the seven-step method proposed by Sandelowski and Barroso was used for conducting the meta-synthesis.
Results and Discussion
All the factors extracted from the previous studies were coded. Then, the similar items were grouped around one concept. The analysis of the studies finally resulted in 3 code axes, 7 categories, and 37 concepts related to the sustainable tourism ecosystem.
Conclusion
The sustainable tourism ecosystem not only contributes to the economic growth but also strengthens the culture of communities. The tourism ecosystem ensures that future generations have sustainable access to resources and fair opportunities. This study aimed to present a model of the sustainable tourism ecosystem by relying on the meta-synthesis approach. The meta-synthesis of the previous studies resulted in 37 concepts categorized under seven categories, which were grouped into three general categories: business-related factors, external industry-related factors, and industry-related micro-factors. The identified factors, in order of importance, included human capital training, culture, personal characteristics, networking and markets, investment and financing, legislation and policies, and infrastructure. Highlighting the interaction with markets, networking was found to be an essential factor in the sustainable tourism ecosystem. It is thus necessary to pay attention to the needs of stakeholders and involve them in processes. Moreover, the transformation of the traditional economy into a sharing economy has led to value creation and networking. However, it faces wide-ranging challenges, which can be tackled through culture-building and a transparent and cohesive legal framework between relevant institutions. Investing in tourism requires the development of economic infrastructure, the appropriate social conditions, and the improvement of political relations with other countries. To eliminate the barriers necessitates appropriate strategies, such as cooperation with foreign investors and allocation of funds for tourism development. Relying on the meta-synthesis approach and the Shannon entropy method, this research provided an integrated model of the sustainable tourism ecosystem, which is particularly relevant for the subject under study and the concepts extracted.
Volume 8, Issue 24 , January 2014, , Pages 183-207
Alireza Naser Sadrabadi; razieh almasi sarvestani; Elham Ghobadi
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to provide an integrated model of the Kano and associative rules for classifying customer needs and analyzing their behavior. The statistical population of this research includes customers of four and five-star hotels in Tehran. In this research, after collecting data, customers' ...
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The purpose of this paper is to provide an integrated model of the Kano and associative rules for classifying customer needs and analyzing their behavior. The statistical population of this research includes customers of four and five-star hotels in Tehran. In this research, after collecting data, customers' expectations were categorized from the website by the Kano model and then the relationship between customer demographic characteristics and the results of the Kano model was specified by associative rules. The result of the classification of services by the Kano model shows that booking online and tracking reservations are in the category of basic needs; booking by e-mail and free download are in the category of functional needs, and information websites and e-newsletters are in the category of exciting needs. Also, as an example, the results of exploring associative rules show that for men, having an online reservation on a website is a basic need with the probability of 93%, but this is a basic need for women with the probability of 89%.
Morteza Bazrafshan; Sahar Samani
Abstract
There is a need for supplementary income for farmers and employment creation to help alleviate poverty. Agritourism has been identified as an opportunity for growth and development as it has the potential to meet those needs. In this article, according to the literature review and opinion polls of experts ...
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There is a need for supplementary income for farmers and employment creation to help alleviate poverty. Agritourism has been identified as an opportunity for growth and development as it has the potential to meet those needs. In this article, according to the literature review and opinion polls of experts (officials, experts, and experts in agriculture and tourism), the factors affecting the development of agritourism were identified and investigated. In the initial summary, 134 indices were extracted and reduced to 34 indices during the three stages of expert opinion polling. 260 experts answered the questions in this questionnaire. According to statistical analysis using SPSS and LISREL software, research questions were analyzed and the final model of this research consists of 1. Intellectual infrastructure, 2. Physical infrastructure, 3. Institutional factors, 4. Promotion and development factors, and 5. Competitiveness factors.
Marketing economics
Nader Seyed kalali; kamyar Raissifar; Elham Heydari
Abstract
In recent years, the economic potential of the tourism industry has attracted the attention of economic players. Studying the performance of active businesses in this industry and identifying effective factors in it has become more important. One of the variables that have been studied in this regard ...
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In recent years, the economic potential of the tourism industry has attracted the attention of economic players. Studying the performance of active businesses in this industry and identifying effective factors in it has become more important. One of the variables that have been studied in this regard has been entrepreneurial orientation. Most studies have shown that entrepreneurial orientation positively affects performance as a unidimensional construct. However, scholars have urged to investigate the effects of the dimensions of entrepreneurial orientation on performance separately due to the existence of contradictory results and different conceptualizations. Moreover, adding other variables as moderators or mediators of this relationship has been helpful. In the present research, the effects of innovativeness, proactiveness, and riskiness on the performance of Iran's tourism sector firms, considering the mediating effect of marketing capabilities and the moderating effect of learning culture, have been studied.IntroductionDespite the vast potential of tourism in Iran, this industry has yet to grow enough. One of the reasons for this is the conditions of the enterprises working in this sector. Growth occurs when companies make a profit and capital increase becomes possible. The profits of travel agencies in Iran are usually low, and their managers need help to grow their businesses. Managing these firms is a critical factor in their success, and understanding how travel agencies in Iran can perform better than their competitors is of major importance.The strategic management domain is concerned with studying how organizations grow. Various factors can have an impact on the performance of firms. Among them, strategic orientations can be named. Entrepreneurial orientation is one of the major strategic orientations. Many empirical studies have shown that firms with entrepreneurial orientation have high-performance levels.The question is how entrepreneurial orientation can affect performance. Drawing on the capability theory of the firm, we study how the entrepreneurial orientation strengthens organizational capabilities, including marketing capabilities, and these capabilities affect performance. Marketing capabilities are organizational capabilities that target current and potential customers of the firm and encompass functions such as pricing, promotion, distribution, product/service development, communications, and marketing planning.Contextual factors such as organizational culture should also be taken into account. Companies have different characteristics that reflect their culture. This research studied the effects of entrepreneurial orientation and learning culture on business performance with the mediating effect of marketing capabilities.MethodsThis study looks at travel agencies in Teheran and uses a questionnaire to gather data. The survey has been piloted to ensure the questions are clear and comprehensible. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was utilized for data analysis. The Partial Least Squares (PLS) method was used because its characteristics have led to its increasing application in strategy and entrepreneurship research. One hundred three surveys were collected from travel agency managers in Teheran.ResultsThe survey results indicate that proactiveness and innovativeness significantly impact and marketing capabilities mediate this relationship. The impact of riskiness on performance is not significant. In addition, although the moderating effect of the learning culture is not confirmed, its positive effect, as an independent variable on marketing capacities, is significant.ConclusionThis study aims to evaluate the connection between research variables in the tourism sector of Iran through the use of the capability theory of the firm. The results indicate that the performance of travel agency firms is influenced by the resources and capabilities of firms. The managers of these firms are involved with the day-to-day administration of their firms’ issues. They need to pay more attention to their business’s innovative, proactive, and risky nature, which may impact their performance. This research emphasizes the role of strategic orientation, capabilities, and cultural dimensions in improving business performance. The sample of this research is limited to the managers of the travel agencies and the geographical area of Tehran in Iran. Therefore, prospective researchers may conduct studies in other industries and geographic areas. They may also utilize larger samples. Future research may explore the role of other cultural dimensions in the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and performance. Prospective researchers may also study the role of several marketing capabilities separately in mediating the impact of entrepreneurial orientation on performance.
tourism management
Faeze sadat Mir Fakhraddini
Abstract
AbstractThe coronavirus pandemis caused many operational challenges for hotel management. In this situation, it became clear that many hotels and accommodation centers do not use performance management systems. On the contrary, they have performance evaluation systems that usually include annual evaluation ...
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AbstractThe coronavirus pandemis caused many operational challenges for hotel management. In this situation, it became clear that many hotels and accommodation centers do not use performance management systems. On the contrary, they have performance evaluation systems that usually include annual evaluation and review, and there is little alignment between the hotel's performance and its strategic goals. It only focuses on the past performance of the hotel. Therefore, the necessity of identifying suitable criteria for performance management rather than its evaluation is felt in hotels. For this purpose, in this article, criteria for designing the performance management model in hotels with the meta-synthesis method were collected and leveled using the structural-interpretive modeling approach according to the opinion of experts. In this article, 14 criteria have been identified that will help to improve the management of hotel performance in the critical conditions of the corona outbreak and are in line with the essential administrative, strategic, and communication goals, development, and maintenance of hotels. Therefore, they can help address performance management challenges. In the classification of identified criteria, "government policies and leadership skills" were the most effective criteria, and "customer loyalty and reduction of hotel costs" were among the most effective criteria. IntroductionIn recent years, globalization has made the spread of viruses more effective and has created significant challenges for manufacturing and service industries. In 2019, the high infection rate of the coronavirus (COVID-19) and the death rate created a new fear in society as people worried about the negative consequences of this pandemic. Life in the 21st century has become challenging due to the dramatic changes caused by the recent pandemic. The severity of the effects of Covid-19 has caused all industries to face unprecedented economic crises. The hotel and tourism industry has faced many problems due to a sharp reduction in the workforce and tourists, and financial issues arising from it. (Gosling et al., 2020). The problem that exists in this regard is the problems of the hotel industry in the field of performance management and that the expected improvements in performance, responsiveness, transparency, and service quality have not yet occurred as desired; On the other hand, the spread of the coronavirus has fueled the problems in this area. Due to the lack of research, the need for more research in this field is felt.Therefore, the design and expression of a new and innovative model of performance management in such organizations are necessary and undeniable, and the lack of a model for managing the performance of hotels, especially in Yazd, whose historical context has also reached the world record. It is the basis for the formation of this research.Materials and MethodsThe main goal of this research is to design a performance management framework for hotels in the context of the outbreak of the coronavirus, which can be used to obtain real results from the relationships between performance management criteria. Considering this goal and the research questions mentioned in the problem statement, the current research is exploratory-survey and practical in terms of its purpose. The field of research is organizational performance management in hotels in Yazd province. This research data has been collected in two ways: documentary and survey.This article consists of two parts: first, stating the problem, necessity, and background of the research and identifying performance management criteria in the hotel industry, various sources including books, articles, and other resources available in the field of the research problem have been studied and analyzed by meta-synthesis. Various methods have been presented to perform meta-synthesis, and the seven-stage model of Sandelowski and Barroso has been used in this article.In the second part, the structural-interpretive modeling method is used to design the model of relationships between criteria.Discussion and ResultsThe first part: determining and finalizing the criteria: to extract the criteria systematically, the meta-synthesis method was used.All the criteria in the table above were categorized and provided to research experts. During various meetings, experts reviewed, evaluated, and sometimes combined the criteria. Finally, 14 criteria were agreed upon and entered the next research stage as the final criteria. The final criteria are:Financial ability and hotel facilities (hotel resources); 2. Health and medical preparation in the hotel; 3. Government policies; 4. Leadership and management skills; 5. Hotel marketing actions and strategies; 6. Crisis management; 7. Innovation in providing hotel services and activities; 8. Flexibility in providing new services in the hotel; 9. Identify key performance areas; 10. Transparency in the current affairs of the hotel (creating trust and confidence); 11. Reducing hotel costs; 12. Improving the quality of services provided to hotel guests; 13. Customer loyalty to the hotel; 14. Increase in hotel staff empowerment.The second part: designing a structural-interpretive model of hotel performance management during the corona outbreak; to draw the structural-interpretive model based on the levels of the variables and the final access matrix, a preliminary model was drawn, and the final model was obtained by removing transferability."Decreasing hotel costs" is the highest-level of goal. The goals at a higher level have less influence and are more influenced by the criteria of lower levels. At the lowest level of the model, there are "government policies" and "leadership and management skills." These two criteria act as basic criteria, and the hotel performance management process during corona's outbreak should be one of these criteria. Start and spread to other criteria. ConclusionsThe results of this research determined that performance management criteria in the hotel industry with the ISM approach are placed at six levels. Whereas the criteria of "government policies and leadership and management skills" were at the lowest level. This means that the factors mentioned above are the basis of hotel performance management during the corona outbreak, and attention to these factors is prioritized for hotel management in critical and special conditions. Therefore, it is recommended to improve hotel management skills and make decisions and plans based on government policies.Also, based on the findings of the Mic-Mac framework, it was determined that the criteria of hotel resources, health and medical preparation in the hotel, marketing measures and strategies, and innovation in the provision of hotel services and activities; have a significant influence on other factors. So hotel managers should pay more attention to them because changes in these criteria affect other performance criteria.
Mohsen mehrara; Pegah Shirmohammadi
Abstract
Income inequality and efforts to reduce it is one of the most important concerns of societies in the current world. on the one hand, countries are looking for income-generating resources, and on the other hand, they are trying to reduce income inequalities. The tourism industry is considered as the most ...
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Income inequality and efforts to reduce it is one of the most important concerns of societies in the current world. on the one hand, countries are looking for income-generating resources, and on the other hand, they are trying to reduce income inequalities. The tourism industry is considered as the most widespread and one of the most important income and employment generator industries, can achieve both goals at the same time. In this study, using mixed data method and Panel Quantiles regression approach in a selection of developing countries (including 31 countries), the effect of tourism revenues on income inequality in the period of 1995-2015 has been investigated. The advantage of using this model is to evaluate the response variable (inequality of income) against the interference of independent variables (especially tourism revenues), not only in the data center of mass but also in all parts of the distribution, especially in the initial and final deciles. The results of the research show that tourism revenues lead to a decrease in income inequality directly and indirectly by reducing unemployment. In addition, countries that are at higher levels or quantiles of inequalities are more likely to use the benefits of tourism to reduce inequality. Therefore, they can benefit from tourism development policies to reduce inequality more effectively.
