Volume 16, Issue 55 , September 2021
Volume 16, Issue 56 , January 2022
Volume 17, Issue 57 , March 2022
Volume 17, Issue 58 , June 2022
Volume 17, Issue 59 , September 2022
Volume 17, Issue 60 , January 2023
Volume 15, Issue 0 , December 2020
Volume 15, Issue 52 , December 2020
Volume 15, Issue 51 , October 2020
Volume 15, Issue 50 , June 2020
Volume 15, Issue 49 , May 2020
Volume 18, Issue 61 , April 2023
Volume 18, Issue 62 , June 2023
Volume 18, Issue 63 , September 2023
amir aslani afrashteh; Mohammad Reza Karimi Alavijeh; Maryam Naeli
Abstract
The study sought to investigate and examine the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction of elderly tourists trip experience. The statistical population is all tourists who travel to Isfahan and have a minimum age of 60 years. With cluster sampling and available 346 Structured questionnaire based ...
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The study sought to investigate and examine the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction of elderly tourists trip experience. The statistical population is all tourists who travel to Isfahan and have a minimum age of 60 years. With cluster sampling and available 346 Structured questionnaire based on literature was administered to the target statistical sample. To analyze the data and to test the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling using Smart PLS software is used. The results indicate that of antecedents affecting the satisfaction of elderly tourists trip experience, Novelty, Involvement and local culture rejected and perceived value accepted. In examining the consequences of satisfaction of elderly trip experience, all assumptions, including quality of life, Leisure life satisfaction and future behaviors are accepted.
Kobra Bakhshizadeh Borj; Nasrin Javanshir Giv
Abstract
Religious tourism was one of the oldest and most popular types of tourism in the world and the holy city of Mashhad is the most important religious tourism hub in Iran due to the holy shrine of Imam Reza. Therefore, with the aim of deep understanding of the religious tourism brand of Mashhad, through ...
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Religious tourism was one of the oldest and most popular types of tourism in the world and the holy city of Mashhad is the most important religious tourism hub in Iran due to the holy shrine of Imam Reza. Therefore, with the aim of deep understanding of the religious tourism brand of Mashhad, through the cognitive approach and interview-centric approach of the ZMET technique, the cognitive structures of tourists in Mashhad were examined and analyzed to extract the mental map of tourists towards the city of Mashhad. In this regard, 11 students of Allameh Tabatabai University who traveled to Mashhad and had a high level of mental conflict with this city were interviewed. 22 constructs were integrated into the consensus map. The constructs of "Imam Reza Shrine", "Tourist City", "Religious City", "Shopping Centers", "Recreation Centers" and "Hotel" were the main and basic constructs. The most frequent basic construct that had the most contact with the Mashhad brand was the Imam Reza shrine, which was associated with a "feeling of peace" in people. Among the negative construct about the Mashhad brand were "lack of sea" and "extortion and selling counterfeit goods", which were related to the basic constructs of the tourist city and shopping centers, respectively.
Mohammad Reza Farzin; Mahmoud Hassan Pour; Seyed Mojtaba Mahmoud Zadeh; Ali Arab Mazar Yazdi
Abstract
The analysis of the quality of the business environment and tourism entrepreneurship is one of the most important preconditions for improving the tourism business environment. In this regard, the new institutional economy, which focuses on the institutional environment, interprets the relations of tourist ...
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The analysis of the quality of the business environment and tourism entrepreneurship is one of the most important preconditions for improving the tourism business environment. In this regard, the new institutional economy, which focuses on the institutional environment, interprets the relations of tourist actors, which undeniable influence of government, laws and governance structure is undeniable. In this research, an explanation of the factors influencing the institutional environment of the tourism sector has been attempted with the concept of institutionalism and a qualitative approach (thematic analysis). Therefore, through in-depth interviews with 24 economic and tourism experts, institutional factors affecting the business environment and tourism entrepreneurship were identified and explained. The results of the research identified three main themes: the legal system, government policies and science and technology with their sub-themes, It was identified that the business environment of tourism is affected by them and the management and organization...
Mehdi Karoubi; Sasan Ahmadi
Abstract
Today, developing Medical tourism especially for developing countries is one of the sources of income. If any development in the body of tourism not within the strategic planning framework, and which does not consist of continuous control and preventive actions, will, in different dimensions, ...
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Today, developing Medical tourism especially for developing countries is one of the sources of income. If any development in the body of tourism not within the strategic planning framework, and which does not consist of continuous control and preventive actions, will, in different dimensions, meet negative and irrecoverable impacts. Hence, the present study is to examine the position of medical tourism in Shiraz in order to formulate appropriate strategies for proper and comprehensive development. This research method is a combination of surveys and descriptive-analytics. 80 medical tourists and 20 medical tourism experts were selected as a random sample, and, for samples, strategic factors through questionnaires were distributed. Data collected were set in the framework of the Strategic SWOT model, and computational steps were computed using decision-making method based on Fuzzy-TOPSIS. Analysis of findings showed that according to the focus of the first, second, and third strategy obtained from combining Comments of sample groups, focus strategy to action is an aggressive one.
Salman Alavi; Mehdi Karoubi; Esmaeil Zabihi; Seyed Hosein Alavi
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identify the consequences of covid-19 in sport tourism and providing solutions. This research was done by qualitative method, thematic analysis, which is applied and exploratory in terms of purpose. The statistical population consisted of all experts in the field of sport ...
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The purpose of this study was to identify the consequences of covid-19 in sport tourism and providing solutions. This research was done by qualitative method, thematic analysis, which is applied and exploratory in terms of purpose. The statistical population consisted of all experts in the field of sport management, Sociology, and Tourism. Access to subjects was selected in a purposive sampling method through Interviewing with 14 people, theoretical saturation occurred here. The results showed that the consequences of the coronavirus on sports tourism included 40 sub-categories, which were placed in 9 main-categories. Finally, four concepts of job outcomes, event, sustainable development, and post-coronavirus ones were obtained. The results showed that the suggested solutions included 51 sub-categories placed in 11 main categories. Finally, five concepts were obtained that were Economic, health, infrastructure, management, and post-coronavirus solutions. Theoretically, having seen for future studies in the field of sport tourism and sport management foundationally, results can be used to help scientific richness in these fields complete. Practically, all relevant organizations and managers can know the current and future challenges and use the proposed solutions to deal with current and future situations.
Mohammadjavad Abbasi; Jila Sajjadi; Ali Abdollahi; Mohammadtaghi Razavian
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explain the factors affecting the development of rural tourism entrepreneurship. The research method is descriptive-exploratory and the main tool for data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of 174 entrepreneurs and business ...
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The purpose of this study was to explain the factors affecting the development of rural tourism entrepreneurship. The research method is descriptive-exploratory and the main tool for data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of 174 entrepreneurs and business owners in rural tourism entrepreneurship in the country. SPSS and pls software were used for structural equation modeling. Based on the results of the analysis of the effect of the independent variables present on the development of rural tourism entrepreneurship; from the viewpoints of the respondents, the dimension of improvement and attention to the specific environmental context and characteristics of the rural manpower among the three macro dimensions have the highest importance with 0.40 and then From then on, the macro-institutional structure of the Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship with a significance of 0.35 is significant and the results show that the conceptual model and its relationships are significant.
mohammad saleh ahmadi; Mohammadtaghi Rahnamaii; Esmaeil Ali Akbari
Abstract
Abstract Many of the benefits passed on to us through the advancement of technology are now indispensable to our daily lives and have created a bustling, noisy and artificial urban space. People see their vacation as a chance to make them relax from work and everyday life. The urban development strategy ...
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Abstract Many of the benefits passed on to us through the advancement of technology are now indispensable to our daily lives and have created a bustling, noisy and artificial urban space. People see their vacation as a chance to make them relax from work and everyday life. The urban development strategy is the city's development document in all its dimensions. While the comprehensive plans are evidence of the city's development in our country, they play a major deterrent role, and their guiding role is very slight. One of the key and important concepts used to explain the attitude and approach of urban tourism management in Iran is the technocracy phenomena which means the rule of technologists or technologists. Research methodologyAccording to the purpose of the study, the type of applied research is descriptive-analytical and semi-structured interviews, the researcher-made questionnaire with the reliability of 0.84, and environmental observations with emphasis on the three-way method. Data were collected using triangular method through interview, observation, questionnaire and content analysis. Accordingly ، interviews and observations in the context of environment and questionnaires have been used to explain the impact of the technocratic view on urban development plans on tourism. ConclusionThe results of the three dimensions showed that the technocratic and technocratic outlook in urban plans has marginalized tourism and diminished the potential of urban tourism and resulted in the loss of the major identities of tourist attractions. These projects are theoretically and content such as disregarding the multidimensional nature of the city and its unpredictable variables, reducing comprehensive urban planning to physical planning, not paying enough attention to the need for targeting, decision making and decision making, not paying attention. Enough of the need to integrate physical goals with environmental and socio-economic goals has resulted in the destruction of the city's core functions and has only taken into account the technical aspect.
Tourism planning
Ali Movahed; Asghar Tahmasbi; Nasrein Gholamali Fard
Abstract
Spiritual experience is one of the growing potentials and attractions in many tourist destinations, and involves a wide range of religious and secular tourists. This paper aims to analyze the motives and factors affecting the spiritual experiences of foreign female tourists in Iran. The required data ...
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Spiritual experience is one of the growing potentials and attractions in many tourist destinations, and involves a wide range of religious and secular tourists. This paper aims to analyze the motives and factors affecting the spiritual experiences of foreign female tourists in Iran. The required data were collected using 383 questionnaires from foreign female tourists in the hotels where they stayed, or at airports on their way to their country. Then the data were analyzed by applying correlation test and multi-linear regression analysis. The results of study show that, being in harmony with the nature is the most important motive for foreign female tourists traveling to Iran. Among the characteristics of tourist destinations, natural geography, history and culture lie as the most important factors affecting the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists visiting Iran.IntroductionReligion and spirituality have been the most important motives of tourists for traveling in the old time. There is a common agreement on the proximity of these two concepts but spirituality and religion don’t necessarily cover each other. The spirituality concept has become much wider and includes issues including health, social relationships, happiness, vivacity, self-esteem, calmness, sublimity and God. Men and women are different in spiritual aspects. According to some psychologists, women are more religious than men, and have more tendency to spirituality and religious activities (Rich, 2012 Hajizadeh-Meimndi, Ebrahimi-Sadrabadi, 1389). Also, psychologists believe that, tendency to religious affairs is more in women due to the harmony and consistency of spiritual and religious views with women’s souls. Regarding the differences in men’s and women’s traveling and the differences in their incentives, Bond (1997) states that the traveling of alone women beyond their country borders has recently increased significantly. Women tend to take journeys to get experiences and communicational skills as well as to attain awareness and confidence. The statistics show a significant increase in the number of women’s traveling. Therefore, the activists of tourism industry pay special attention to the women’s sector in the market and the economy of travel and tourism. Women are considered as one of the new markets in tourism industry, and understanding their spiritual experiences became a main priority. Female tourists look for different destinations to get the experiences and because of the diversity of expectation form spiritual experience, the need for various destinations to satisfy the different groups of spiritual tourists is felt more than ever. Iran can be a special destination for female tourists, due to its geographical, cultural and historic situation. Climatic diversity and natural landscapes shaped by climates, heights, plains, seas and coastal areas, deserts in addition to historic, cultural and religious attractions and the existence of different ethnic groups with their own special customs and ceremonies, provide very diverse and unique conditions for women’s spiritual experiences in Iran.However, existing knowledge on spiritual experiences of foreign female tourists in Iran and its determining factors are very limited.Research MethodologyThis study is a descriptive-exploratory research and the statistical society is the foreign female tourists in Iran and the measuring instrument is questionnaire, of which 383 copies have been distributed among and completed by foreign female tourists, using convenience sampling. The data have been analyzed by SPSS software. Descriptive statistics indices such as frequency and percentage have been applied to search and analyze the information related to general characteristics of the respondents. Correlation tests and multi-linear regression analysis have also been used in the inferential statistics part.Research FindingsThe findings of this study show that three aspects of demographics, travel motives and the destination characteristics, predict 85 percent of the variance of the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists in Iran.The characteristics of Iran as a tourist destination with beta of 0.355 had the highest effects on the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists. In this study the Crouch and Ritchie model of destination competitiveness was used to determine the tourist destination characteristics. Therefore, the effects of 8 variables including history and culture of the natural geography, infrastructure, costs, security, hospitality, events and situation on the tourists’ spiritual experiences were examined using the multi-linear regression analysis. The results show that the destination characteristics predict 94 percent of the variance of the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists in Iran. Among the destination characteristics, a) factors of history and culture, b) natural geography, c) infrastructure, d) costs, e) security, f) hospitality, g) events and h) situation, in order, had the highest effects on the quality of the spiritual experiences of the foreign female tourists in Iran.ConclusionBased on Crouch model, the destination characteristics are among important factors in tourists’ choice for different purposes. According to the results of this research, foreign female tourists have considered the features of their destination as the most effective factor in their spiritual experiences. Fox’s research (1996) on the women participating in spiritual experiences in pristine places indicated that the nature is seen as a powerful, healing and spiritual element. Furthermore, women on journeys have energy more similar to the nature and can get more spiritual awareness. As discussed above, spiritual tourism for women could play very important role as a novel strategy for tourism marketing in programming macro-tourism in Iran and branding women’s spiritual tourism can be conducted for this valuable guideline.Particularly in advertising via internet and TV programs, Iran should introduce itself as a new destination for female spiritual tourists. Providing necessary facilities and infrastructures and designing trip packages for female spiritual tourists are from necessary steps toward female spiritual tourism. In this research we offered a general framework to examine female spiritual experiences and examined the impact of three main factors including: the destination characteristics, travel motives and the tourists’ demographic features. The destination characteristics in the female tourists’ view, had very significant role in their spiritual experiences. Furthermore, harmony with nature was found as the most important motive to have the spiritual experience in Iran.In the future studies one may examine the effects of different environments including the nature or religious places or even historical buildings to discover the effects of places on spiritual experiences. Also, the effects of each of these aspects and indices on spiritual experiences for two groups of men and women may be assessed and compared separately.
tourism management
Morteza Ahmadi; Mahmood Ziaee; Reza Vaezi; Gholamreza Kazemian
Abstract
This research has been achieved to recognize the type of dominant rationality in the Vision Plan of Heritage and Tourism Development in Iran. The tourism planning system in the world has experienced noticeable changes under the influence of transformations that took place in the philosophical and social ...
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This research has been achieved to recognize the type of dominant rationality in the Vision Plan of Heritage and Tourism Development in Iran. The tourism planning system in the world has experienced noticeable changes under the influence of transformations that took place in the philosophical and social paradigms in recent decades. The present research is based on interpretive epistemology and, regarding the methodological aspect, has been considered qualitative research. Archival studies and thematic analysis with explorative purpose were used for data gathering and analysis. Base on this study’s findings, instrumental rationality, with 48 themes out of 71 and its correspondent planning theory, rational planning, has been dominant in formulating the Vision Plan of Heritage and Tourism Development in Iran. Also, we observed a small share of other types of rationality among the themes recognized in the Vision Plan. Analysis and comparison of the share for each type of rationality made it clear that coordinative rationality has been ignored. Therefore, revising the Vision Plan regarding new approaches to tourism planning is inevitable. The research results indicated that applying coordinative rationality as a combination of various rationality types could pave the way for achieving tourism development objectives in Iran.Introduction Tourism planning has been transformed by theories such as communicative and participative approaches and paradigms dominating urban, rural, and regional planning. The emergence of alternative and sustainable tourism can signify these changes. This research aimed to recognize the type of dominant rationality on the Vision Plan-2025 for Heritage and Tourism Development in Iran endorsed by the Cabinet in 2004. The concept of rationality in this research is considered in the Alexander Model (2000) framework and based on new planning theories and contemporary tourism planning approaches. In the new age, called the post-rationality era, rationality in planning was redefined so that its meaning extended from instrumental rationality to include communicative, strategic, and coordinative rationality. Dominant planning approaches in the 1950s were physical and sectoral planning based on the traditional rational planning approach. Since the 1960s, the domain of planning extended to social-cultural areas and the concept of space, including human beings, their living environment, and economic, social, and cultural activities taken into account in planning. In the 1980s, a new approach to planning appeared that did not believe in top-down planning but believed in the host community's participation in planning and implementation.Materials and MethodsThe philosophical aspect of this research regarding epistemology was based on an interpretive approach. Understanding tourism and planning for tourism development requires understanding the multiple dimensions of tourism regarding social-cultural and economic aspects and interpreting the concept of the system for tourism stakeholders as well as policymakers. Considering the users, the research is applied and developmental research. The findings of this study can be used by tourism policymakers, planners, stakeholders, the scientific society, and researchers. The research area is cross-sectional, and the scale is national. This qualitative research's statistical population and data sources are the documents of mentioned Vision Plan. Data gathering and analysis were conducted following the qualitative research. This study used the Astrid-Sterling model of themes networks for thematic analysis. The researchers took five steps for coding and recognized basic themes, main themes, organizing themes, and global themes. Finally, a map of themes in the format of themes network of rationality in the Vision Plan was presented.Discussion and ResultsThe results of the literature review clarified two issues. Firstly, under the influence of planning theory and dominant paradigms on urban, rural, and regional planning, tourism development planning has changed in recent decades, leading to the emergence of alternative tourism approaches like responsible tourism, eco-tourism, community-based tourism, and sustainable tourism. Secondly, reconsidering the concept and dimensions of rationality in the recent century has a vital role in planning theory in such a way that the type of rationality in each era has been determinative of identifying the type of planning theory. For further explanation, we can refer to communicative rationality recognized in the 1980s by Habermas, considered the foundation of communicative planning theory. This approach was the reaction against instrumental rationality that was the basis for traditional rational planning theory. Therefore, the type of rationality is the determinant for the corresponding planning theory. Analysis of a total of 71 themes in the Vision Plan for Tourism Development in Iran indicated the share for each type of rationality, which included 48 themes (the maximum) related to instrumental rationality, ten themes to communicative rationality, nine themes to strategic rationality, and finally, four themes (the minimum) to coordinative rationality.ConclusionsWith the analysis and comparison of the share of various types of rationality in the Vision Plan of cultural heritage and tourism in Iran, we concluded that the dominant rationality for formulating the Plan had been instrumental. Regarding the lack of consideration for all types of rationality, particularly coordinative rationality in the Plan on the one hand, and the fact that more than 18 years have passed since the compilation of the Plan on the other hand, it is necessary to revise the Vision Plan, taking into accounts the coordinative planning theory in the following areas:- Establishment of a powerful coordinating institution with sufficient authority for making the related organizations cooperate in revising, formulating, implementing, supervising, and evaluating the Plan.- Integration of tourism policies and plans and linkage with the macro policies. Formulation and endorsement of tourism macro policies through the Supreme Council for Cultural Heritage and Tourism. -Formulation of a network for public-private participation and related stakeholders for developing tourism in Iran.
Neda Torabi Farsani; Marzieh Hekmat; Hossein Sadeghi Shahdani; Aida Davoudian Dehkordi
Abstract
Nowadays, the impacts of tourism are one of the academic topics and concerns of experts in this field, and they are trying to increase its positive effects through network and cluster activity and find solutions to reduce the negative effects of tourism. Sustainable tourism requires the active performance ...
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Nowadays, the impacts of tourism are one of the academic topics and concerns of experts in this field, and they are trying to increase its positive effects through network and cluster activity and find solutions to reduce the negative effects of tourism. Sustainable tourism requires the active performance of non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and museums can also play an axial role as educational institutions. Unfortunately, there is no close relationship between museums and NGOs in Iran, and the International Council of Museums (ICOM) is the only active NGO in this field. In contrast, the collaboration of NGOs and museums can be a step towards popularising the challenges facing sustainable tourism development. The objectives of the present research are: 1) to identify the factors affecting the participation of NGOs in promoting museums and sustainable tourism. 2) to explore the collaborative opportunities of NGOs and museums towards sustainable tourism development. In this regard, the qualitative method (thematic analysis) was used with the help of MAXQDA software. The statistical population of the research was the active members of NGO experts in the fields of tourism, culture, museum, environment, and geography. The data was collected using a semi-structured interview form. It is worth mentioning that the data reached saturation point in the 20th interview. The data coding results illustrated that moral and professional codes and policymaking influence NGOs’ participation in the development of museums and tourism. In addition, the five main themes of cooperative education, collaborative and interactive thinking, participatory advertising, holding joint events and exhibitions, and social participation were identified as collaborative opportunities for NGOs and museums towards sustainable tourism development. It should be pointed out that cooperation and partnership relations are a suitable alternative to competition in sustainable tourism, and this partnership facilitates the achievement of sustainable tourism goals, which have been at the forefront of central policy of global tourism development for more than two decades.IntroductionIn 1995, a charter with 18 principles was drawn up to implement sustainable tourism in Lanzarote Island, Spain. The ninth, thirteenth, and fifteenth principles emphasize the participation and role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in developing sustainable tourism. Today, NGOs play an essential role in the local communities' involvement, local empowerment, education, economic-social development, preservation of cultural and natural heritage, etc., as far as they can be called the public’s voice. NGOs play an essential role in education and culturalizing.Smithsonian; European Network for Accessible Tourism (ENAT); World Tourism Association for Culture and Heritage (WTACH); International et al. (TIES); The International Association of Antarctica Tour Operators (IAATO); International Council of Museums (ICOM) are examples of active international NGOs in tourism and museums.Currently, many NGOs are registered in Iran, and among them, ICOM of Iran is active in the field of cultural heritage and tourism and is the most well-known NGO in the field of museums. Addressing the discussion of NGOs in museums and sustainable tourism will increase the participation between NGOs and museums towards sustainable tourism. The role of NGOs as a speaker is to convey the museum’s voice. In addition, this research is an initial attempt to introduce the importance of NGOs and museums’ participation in sustainable tourism. Also, due to rising NGOs from the community and having voluntary human resources, they can create a closer relationship between the public and the museum through participating in sustainable activities.Literature ReviewSingh (1999: 92-94) argued that NGOs strive to develop sustainable tourism. Data analysis in the Goa, India case study illustrated that NGOs can also develop local socio-economic activities and play an essential role in community awareness. Liburd (2004: 105-109) stated that NGOs influence political processes and outcomes. Some authors (Butcher, 2006, pp. 307-310; Wearing et al., 2005: 424-439) noted that NGOs are trying to create a de-commoditized model of tourism that seeks sustainable tourism.Materials and MethodsThe present study includes two main objectives: 1) to identify the factors affecting the participation of NGOs in promoting museums and sustainable tourism. 2) to explore the collaborative opportunities of NGOs and museums towards sustainable tourism development. This research is exploratory, and a qualitative method (Thematic analysis) was applied. MAXQDA software was used as a tool for data analysis. The study’s statistical population consists of active NGO members, experts, and elites in geography, tourism, museums, environment, and culture. Data was gathered through the snowball sampling method. After each interview, the data was coded until the codes reached saturation point in the 21st interview, and no new codes were added to the previous codes. ResultsThe first goal of the research is to identify the factors influencing the participation of NGOs in promoting museums and sustainable tourism. The results of data analysis using a qualitative method (thematic analysis) demonstrated that policymaking (national and local) and moral and professional codes (external and internal) are two vital and effective components of the participation of NGOs in promoting museums and sustainable tourism. National policymaking includes eight sub-themes, which are: moral and financial support of the upstream institutions from NGOs, removal of difficult legal obstacles towards establishing NGOs, monitoring of organizations and the activities of NGOs, removal of legal obstacles when NGOs strive for implanting their ideas (another organization such as the police should not prevent them), creating a legal platform that recognizes the activities of the institutions, involving the supervision of NGOs in the government's decisions, creating a bottom-up approach to museum planning and development of tourism, not looking at NGOs politically. In addition to local policymaking, there are three sub-themes of participation of NGOs in local tourism development and planning projects: the cooperation of NGOs with gild merchant and local communities and the cooperation of NGOs with the diversity of social and age groups in order to communicate with the community visiting the museum. Also, the results of open and axial coding indicated that extra-institutional moral and professional codes are classified into four sub-themes, which include participation in international scientific and executive assemblies of museum science in order to announce sustainability conditions and activities; stakeholders' acceptance of the organization's participation; acquaintance of people with citizenship duties and issues of environmental protection and cultural heritage preservation; organized cooperation with other national and international organizations in order to share experiences towards promoting sustainable tourism and museums. It is worth noting that the togetherness and convergence of NGO members and the priority of collective interests; continuity in the systematic cooperation between the association and museums towards sustainable development of tourism; education and promotion of specialized knowledge in line with collaborative decision-making; developing the mission and vision of NGOs towards promoting sustainable tourism were identified as sub-themes of moral and professional codes.Furthermore, the five main themes of cooperative education, collaborative and interactive thinking, participatory advertising, holding joint events and exhibitions, and social participation were identified as collaborative opportunities for NGOs and museums towards sustainable tourism development. DiscussionNowadays, NGOs play a significant role in education, culturalizing, identity-building, and participation (Nouei & Saje, 2011) and can act as a collective voice for sustainable tourism. Sustainable tourism is a method of tourism that tries to minimize the adverse effects of travel and increase its positive effects by implementing the 18 principles. Meanwhile, as educational institutions, museums can achieve sustainable tourism goals with greater convergence and be the collective voice of sustainability in tourism destinations and museums. The results of data analysis with the help of software illustrated that moral and professional codes and policymaking are the factors influencing the participation of NGOs in the prosperity of museums and the promotion of tourism. Nouei and Saje (2011) also emphasize the cooperative role of the NGOs, but the innovation of the current research has been in identifying the collaborative opportunities of NGOs and museums towards sustainable tourism (cooperative education; collaborative and interactive thinking; participatory advertising; holding joint events and exhibitions and social participation). Training of tourism human resources and hosts; empowering local communities towards sustainable tourism; the use of museum space in sustainability education for the public; holding theoretical training workshops about sustainable tourism; providing consulting services to museums; acquaintance of people with citizenship duties and issues of environmental protection and cultural heritage preservation; holding a skill-based training workshop in about sustainable tourism and teaching intangible cultural traditions concerning historical assets through museum objects, including opportunities for cooperative education, have been identified. Other extractive open codes have yet to be considered in the literature review and are the new findings of the present research. Among the opportunities for cooperative and interactive thinking extracted from coding are the opportunities to collect financial aid for NGOs, participation in the establishment of museums, increase the power of access and interpretation of NGO's activities by the museum, creative participation towards sustainable tourism and the place to carry out the dialogues of NGOs. These current research results confirm other research (Kannike et al., 2021; Ouessar & Belhedi, 1999; Wilson, 2003). Creating employment and income for local people by attracting tourists and visitors to museums and tourist destinations; collecting intangible and tangible heritage towards sustainable tourism and museum management, and participating in strengthening pride and cultural identity are opportunities for social partnerships that experts have pointed out to promote sustainable tourism. It is worth mentioning that some researchers (Wilson, 2003) also emphasize creating employment and income for local people and strengthening pride and cultural identity in their research. Holding joint events and exhibitions regarding sustainability issues are not only the findings of the present study but also mentioned by Kannike et al., 2021. ConclusionLastly, NGOs are the representatives and voices of museums and sustainable tourism, and the production of content marketing by NGOs for museums and sustainable tourism increases the opportunity for cooperative advertising.
salman eivazinezhad; Mohsen Akbari
Abstract
The present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the behaviour of tourists about environmental protection activities. The research method has based on meta-synthesis. After searching for specific keywords in two journals, Google Scholar and Web Science, 198 articles have been extracted. Eventually, ...
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The present study seeks to identify the factors affecting the behaviour of tourists about environmental protection activities. The research method has based on meta-synthesis. After searching for specific keywords in two journals, Google Scholar and Web Science, 198 articles have been extracted. Eventually, 40 articles were coded and analyzed manually. The selected articles were divided into two categories, which included tourists' behaviour towards the environment and explaining the behaviour of indigenous people towards the environment. After extracting the sub-themes, the factors influencing tourists' behaviour towards three main themes can be suggested: indicators related to tourists - country of origin and destination country. Finally, by comparing the two categories of research, it can be suggested that consumers' perceptions of uncontrollable external factors such as the roles of governments and the understanding of chance/fate factors can explain the gaps in the present predicting the tourists' behaviour toward the environment. IntroductionToday, paying attention to the environment is a very important issue in developing and developed countries. One of the areas that can severely affect the environment is tourism, which has become an important part of the gross national income for most countries. Due to its cultural heritage and its natural and four-season landscapes, Iran has attracted many tourists every year. Considering the importance of the environment on the one hand and the improvement of the tourism industry, on the other hand, the development of tourist behaviours is very important. Give tourists behaviour.Materials and MethodsAccording to the research topic, the method used is meta-synthesis because the theoretical gap of the research was not clear. In the first stage, 198 articles were identified through the specified keywords, after which 40 papers were finally selected for the final analysis. The selected articles were divided into two categories, which included the behaviour of tourists and the indigenous behaviour of individuals towards the environment. The coding process was performed separately in each of these categories to identify new themes by comparing them. Caldwell is a model for measuring the validity and quality of research. In this type of evaluation, based on the basic and basic criteria, the subjects, the scope, the results, the studies, the methodology, and the validity of the articles were assessed. Cohen's kappa coefficient was used to properly execute the process and reliable the analysis and coding results. Several reviewed articles (15 out of 40) were randomly selected and provided to another experienced researcher for this purpose. In this study, Cohen's kappa coefficient for coding of two researchers was 0.78, which indicates high reliability.Discussion and ResultsAfter extracting the sub-themes, we finally suggested the factors affecting tourists' behaviour towards three main themes: indicators related to tourists, country of origin, and country of destination. The section on indicators related to tourists, motivations - attitude - personal experiences, environmental knowledge, materialism, pride, guilt, individual factors, significant experiences, tourist anxiety, nostalgia, age, gender, willingness to pay more, group size, Travel time is included. For the country of origin, institutional environment, level of development - development of the Internet, religion, media, air pollution, and for the country of origin, factors such as destination loyalty, destination brand, destination culture, environmental climate, religion, location were categorized. Also, for the natives, the main factors explaining the behaviour of tourists were identified, which are in the same three categories. In addition to these identified themes, theories were identified that have been considered in explaining indigenous behaviour towards the environment but have not been studied in the behaviour of tourists.ConclusionsConsidering the comparison of researches done in the two fields of tourism and public actors regarding the environment, it is suggested that to improve the activities of tourists in the field of environment. It is necessary to pay attention to three items: the position of their country, the position of the destination country, motivations and The tourist's own experiences. Also, by comparing the two categories of research conducted, it can be suggested that consumers' perceptions of uncontrollable external factors such as government maps and an understanding of factors of chance, habit, and social capital can be gaps in predicting tourist behaviour. It is suggested that researchers in their research consider these variables in explaining the behaviour of tourists.
